Nootropicology

Tuesday, 30 December 2025

L-Phenylalanine Nootropic Review: Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage

The world of nootropics, colloquially known as "smart drugs" or "cognitive enhancers," has seen a significant surge in popularity over the past few decades.

These compounds, ranging from herbal supplements to synthesized molecules, claim to boost cognitive functions, enhance memory, and invigorate the mind. Within this vast spectrum lies a unique category: amino acids.

Unlike typically synthesized compounds like your Modafinil, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, playing pivotal roles in various physiological processes, including brain function.

L-Phenylalanine caught my attention during my deep dive into the nootropic world. As an essential amino acid, it plays a role not only in protein synthesis but also as a precursor for vital neurotransmitters. Intrigued by its potential cognitive benefits, I embarked on a journey of exploration, both through scientific literature and personal experimentation.

However, as with any substance, it's crucial to approach it with a healthy dose of skepticism and an emphasis on evidence-based findings. Anecdotal reports and personal experiences can offer insights, but it's the rigorous scientific studies and peer-reviewed articles that provide the most reliable information.

Throughout this review, while I will share my own experiences with L-Phenylalanine, I will always prioritize data and research-backed evidence to present a comprehensive understanding of this intriguing amino acid. So without further ado, let's dive in!

Background on L-Phenylalanine - How Does It Work in the Brain?

Delving into the molecular intricacies of nootropics often leads us to understand not just the substance itself, but the myriad physiological pathways it influences. This section aims to provide readers with a foundational understanding of L-Phenylalanine, from its basic classification to its role in neurotransmitter synthesis.

This foundational knowledge is essential to grasp the potential cognitive effects of this amino acid and how it interacts within our complex neurochemical systems.

Scientific Classification and Origin

L-Phenylalanine is classified as an essential amino acid. The term "essential" in biochemistry denotes that the body cannot synthesize this compound endogenously in adequate amounts, necessitating its intake through diet. Found abundantly in foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and certain beans, L-Phenylalanine is a vital component for various biological processes.

Definition as an Essential Amino Acid

As one of the nine essential amino acids, L-Phenylalanine plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis. Proteins, being the workhorses of the cell, are integral for a plethora of cellular functions, including those within the brain. The correct structure and function of proteins largely depend on the presence and sequence of specific amino acids, underscoring the importance of L-Phenylalanine in physiological processes.^[1]

Metabolic Pathway and Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Interestingly, the role of L-Phenylalanine doesn't stop at protein synthesis. This amino acid is also a critical precursor to another amino acid, tyrosine. Once in the body, L-Phenylalanine gets converted to tyrosine, a process facilitated by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.^[2]

Tyrosine's importance in neurochemistry cannot be overstated. It serves as the precursor for a range of neurotransmitters vital for cognitive functions and mood regulation.^[3] Specifically, tyrosine is integral for the synthesis of dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked with pleasure, reward, and motivation. Furthermore, tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters that play roles in attention, alertness, and the body's response to stress.

Understanding the metabolic pathway of L-Phenylalanine and its involvement in neurotransmitter synthesis offers valuable insights into its potential cognitive and mood-enhancing benefits.

Relevance of L-Phenylalanine as a Nootropic

The role of L-Phenylalanine in neurotransmitter synthesis, especially those neurotransmitters central to cognitive function and mood, makes it particularly relevant in the realm of nootropics. Nootropics, by definition, are substances that can enhance cognitive functions like memory, creativity, motivation, and attention.^[4] Given that dopamine, synthesized from L-Phenylalanine via tyrosine, is crucially associated with motivation, reward, and learning, its modulation is of keen interest to those seeking cognitive enhancement.

Furthermore, the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are pivotal for attention and alertness, emphasizes the possible impact of L-Phenylalanine on focus and cognitive agility. This link between an essential amino acid's metabolic pathways and the brain's neurochemical landscape highlights the potential of L-Phenylalanine as a nootropic agent. By influencing the production of these critical neurotransmitters, L-Phenylalanine offers avenues for optimizing cognitive performance, mood regulation, and overall brain health.

Moreover, in the nootropic community, there's a perpetual quest for substances that can provide an edge, improve mental clarity, or boost mood naturally. Given L-Phenylalanine's role in essential physiological processes and neurotransmitter synthesis, it's not only a subject of scientific intrigue but also holds promise for those looking to enhance their cognitive potential through natural avenues.

L-Phenylalanine Therapeutic & Nootropic Applications and Benefits

Building on the foundational understanding of L-Phenylalanine's role in neurotransmitter synthesis, it's imperative to delve into its broader therapeutic applications. This amino acid isn't just a building block for proteins; its influence on crucial neurotransmitter pathways offers a range of potential health benefits, especially in the domains of mood regulation, pain management, and cognitive function.

Mood Enhancement

Central to the discussion of mood is the dopamine pathway. As a precursor to dopamine, L-Phenylalanine has been researched for its potential in mood enhancement. Dopamine is notoriously known as the "feel good" neurotransmitter. It's responsible for feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation.

Any imbalance in its levels can lead to mood disorders, including depression. Clinical studies have ventured into examining L-Phenylalanine's potential in alleviating symptoms of mood disorders. Its role in elevating dopamine levels can be particularly beneficial for individuals with specific types of depression linked to dopamine deficiency.^[5]

Pain Management

Beyond mood, L-Phenylalanine plays an intriguing role in the body's natural pain management system. It is believed to influence the endorphin system, our body's natural "painkillers." Endorphins, produced in response to stress or discomfort, act as analgesics (pain reducers) and provide a natural high, akin to morphine.

Research has examined DL-phenylalanine's (DLPA) potential in enhancing endorphin release, making it a candidate for addressing chronic pain conditions. Some studies suggest that it might benefit individuals with specific pain disorders, although more extensive research is required.^[6]

Cognitive Enhancement

Finally, the amino acid's role in the production of catecholamines, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, situates it within the sphere of cognitive enhancers. These neurotransmitters are pivotal for attention, learning, and memory. An optimal level of catecholamines, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, can enhance alertness, focus, and cognitive agility.^[7]

By supporting the production of these neurotransmitters, L-Phenylalanine offers avenues for improving attention span, learning capacity, and overall cognitive performance. This makes it a compound of interest for students, professionals, and anyone looking to optimize their mental clarity and productivity.

L-Phenylalanine Side Effects and Safety Concerns

L-Phenylalanine, while offering several cognitive and therapeutic benefits, is not without its potential drawbacks. A responsible approach to any nootropic necessitates a clear understanding of its safety profile. This includes knowledge of commonly reported side effects, drug interactions, and the variability inherent in individual experiences.

Common L-Phenylalanine Side Effects

The general safety of L-Phenylalanine has been established in numerous studies.^[8] However, as with many supplements, certain side effects have been reported. Some users have experienced digestive discomforts like nausea and heartburn.

Headaches, another frequently mentioned side effect, might be attributed to alterations in neurotransmitter levels, particularly when initial dosages are high or if there's an abrupt change in consumption. It's important to note that while these side effects are commonly associated with L-Phenylalanine supplementation, they might not be pervasive and could be influenced by dosage and individual physiology.

L-Phenylalanine's Interaction with Other Medications

L-Phenylalanine's role in neurotransmitter synthesis naturally raises concerns about its interaction with medications that modulate the central nervous system (CNS). For instance, since this amino acid can influence dopamine levels, there's a potential for interaction with drugs that act on dopaminergic pathways. This becomes particularly significant when considering drugs like certain antipsychotics or medications for Parkinson's disease.

Additionally, considering its potential mood-enhancing properties, caution is warranted when pairing L-Phenylalanine with antidepressants. This combination could, in theory, amplify the effects of both the drug and the supplement, leading to a condition known as "serotonin syndrome." While this scenario is more theoretical than proven, it underscores the importance of thorough research and consultation with healthcare professionals before co-administering supplements and medications.

Personal Experiences and Observations

While scientific literature provides a comprehensive overview of L-Phenylalanine's safety profile, personal anecdotes further enrich this tapestry of understanding. Anecdotal reports suggest a wide range of experiences, from profound cognitive enhancement without side effects to instances of digestive discomfort or headaches.

This variability underscores the fact that nootropics, like all substances, don't offer a one-size-fits-all experience. Dosage adjustments, gradual introduction, and keen observation of one's body and mind are essential when experimenting with L-Phenylalanine as a cognitive enhancer.

L-Phenylalanine Dosage, Cycle, and Recommendations

Navigating the realm of nootropics involves a combination of scientific evidence, expert recommendations, and personal trial and error. With L-Phenylalanine, finding the right dosage, understanding cycling strategies, and evaluating potential stacking options are critical to maximizing benefits while minimizing potential side effects.

Optimal L-Phenylalanine Dosage

When it comes to dosing L-Phenylalanine, the medical literature offers some guidelines. Typically, doses range from 500 mg to 2,000 mg daily for therapeutic applications. However, when focusing on its nootropic properties, a starting dose of 500 mg to 1,000 mg is commonly recommended.

It's always prudent to start on the lower end to gauge individual reactions. In my personal exploration, I began with 500 mg and gradually increased it, monitoring the cognitive effects and any potential side effects.

L-Phenylalanine Cycling Considerations

Cycling, or periodically refraining from taking a supplement, can be a strategic approach for long-term nootropic users. The rationale behind this is to prevent potential tolerance development, ensuring that the nootropic remains effective. With L-Phenylalanine, while there isn't a vast body of evidence suggesting rapid tolerance development, periodic breaks can be beneficial.

For instance, a cycle of 3 months on followed by 2-3 months off is a good place to start.

Stacking L-Phenylalanine with Other Nootropics

L-Phenylalanine, given its role in neurotransmitter synthesis, can offer synergistic benefits when combined with other nootropics. A popular stack involves combining it with racetams, like piracetam or aniracetam, which may amplify cognitive benefits due to enhanced neurotransmitter activity. However, caution is necessary. Combining L-Phenylalanine with other substances that modulate neurotransmitter levels, like 5-HTP, might lead to overstimulation or imbalance.

It's essential to remember that stacking while promising, necessitates thorough research. One should be wary of combining multiple substances without understanding their individual and collective effects. Consulting literature, expert opinions, and ideally, a healthcare professional, can be invaluable when considering various nootropic stacks.

Overall, the world of nootropics is a vast and evolving field. L-Phenylalanine, with its established roles in neurotransmitter synthesis and promising nootropic properties, offers a lot of potential. However, as with all supplements, a responsible, informed, and individualized approach is the key to success.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the primary role of L-Phenylalanine in neurotransmitter synthesis?

L-Phenylalanine serves as a precursor to tyrosine, which subsequently aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

How does L-Phenylalanine influence mood and cognitive function?

L-Phenylalanine is a precursor to tyrosine, which plays a pivotal role in the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for mood regulation and cognitive alertness.

Can L-Phenylalanine supplementation boost focus and concentration?

Yes, by increasing catecholamine production, L-Phenylalanine may enhance alertness, focus, and overall cognitive function.

How does L-Phenylalanine compare to other nootropics in enhancing brain function?

Unlike synthetic nootropics, L-Phenylalanine is a natural amino acid that indirectly supports brain function by aiding neurotransmitter synthesis. Its effects might be subtler compared to direct cognitive enhancers.

What is the difference between L-Phenylalanine, DL-Phenylalanine, and Phenylalanine?

L-Phenylalanine is the natural form found in proteins, involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. DL-Phenylalanine combines the L- and synthetic D-forms, aiming to provide the benefits of both, with potential analgesic and antidepressant properties. Phenylalanine is a general term that typically refers to the L-form but may include both forms depending on context.

What is the half-life of L-Phenylalanine in the human body?

L-Phenylalanine is absorbed and metabolized relatively quickly in the human body. While specific half-life data can vary, it is generally reported to be around 2 to 3 hours. This means that approximately half of the L-Phenylalanine ingested would be eliminated or metabolized within this time frame. It's essential to note that individual factors, such as metabolism, kidney function, and overall health, can influence this rate.

My Final Thoughts on L-Phenylalanine

Navigating the vast landscape of nootropics can often be a daunting task, given the plethora of compounds each boasting their own array of benefits. L-Phenylalanine, with its intriguing amino acid profile, has piqued the interest of many, including myself, in the quest for cognitive enhancement and well-being.

Summary of Benefits and Risks
L-Phenylalanine stands out not just as a building block for proteins, but as a precursor to vital neurotransmitters that govern our mood, alertness, and focus. The potential advantages of mood elevation, pain management, and cognitive clarity certainly give it a coveted spot in the nootropic arsenal. However, as with any substance, it’s paramount to weigh the benefits against the potential risks. Side effects like nausea or interactions with specific medications underline the importance of a cautious approach, especially for those new to the compound.

Reflection on Personal Experiences and Current Research
My journey with L-Phenylalanine has been predominantly positive. The subtle but noticeable lift in mood, paired with sharpened focus, made my tasks flow easier.

Yet, I always leaned heavily on evidence-based research to guide my dosing and cycling strategies. Personal experiences can be quite enlightening, but it's the amalgamation of individual stories and rigorous scientific research that paints the most accurate picture of a compound's utility and safety.

Where to Buy
If you're considering introducing L-Phenylalanine into your nootropic stack, sourcing is crucial. Ensuring that you're purchasing a high-quality product is key to both efficacy and safety. From my research and experiences, science .bio emerges as a trusted source for a variety of nootropic compounds, including L-Phenylalanine.

Their commitment to purity, rigorous testing, and transparent sourcing makes them a preferred choice for many in the nootropic community. As always, regardless of the source, starting with a lower dose and gradually titrating up based on personal response is a prudent approach.

Matthews, Dwight E. “An overview of phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in humans.” The Journal of nutrition vol. 137,6 Suppl 1 (2007): 1549S-1555S; discussion 1573S-1575S. doi:10.1093/jn/137.6.1549S
Sáez, L P et al. “Metabolism of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine by the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus.” Current microbiology vol. 38,1 (1999): 51-6. doi:10.1007/pl00006772
Parker, G, and H Brotchie. “Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine: 'Food for Thought' III.” Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica vol. 124,6 (2011): 417-26. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01706.x
Kuhlmey, J. “Nootropika: Definition, Klassifikation, Wirkmechanismen, klinische Wirksamkeit, Substanzen” [Nootropic drugs: definition, classification, mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, substances]. Zeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung vol. 88,9 (1994): 697-701.
Lakhan, Shaheen E, and Karen F Vieira. “Nutritional therapies for mental disorders.” Nutrition journal vol. 7 2. 21 Jan. 2008, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2
Russell, A L, and M F McCarty. “DL-phenylalanine markedly potentiates opiate analgesia - an example of nutrient/pharmaceutical up-regulation of the endogenous analgesia system.” Medical hypotheses vol. 55,4 (2000): 283-8. doi:10.1054/mehy.1999.1031
Schallreuter, K U et al. “Catecholamines in human keratinocyte differentiation.” The Journal of investigative dermatology vol. 104,6 (1995): 953-7. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606218
Longo, Nicola et al. “Long-term safety and efficacy of pegvaliase for the treatment of phenylketonuria in adults: combined phase 2 outcomes through PAL-003 extension study.” Orphanet journal of rare diseases vol. 13,1 108. 4 Jul. 2018, doi:10.1186/s13023-018-0858-7

source https://nootropicology.com/l-phenylalanine/

What Does Phenibut Do To The Brain?

A lot of people have been asking what Phenibut does to the brain? It is a great question.

To begin with, Phenibut is a GABA analogue. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

It reduces neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system and is responsible for the ‘chill/relaxed’ feeling. GABA receptors are metabotropic ionotropic G-protein coupled receptors that are divided into three subunits, α, β and γ.

In the end, what this means is that Phenibut functions in the brain in much the same way as GABA does.

The main difference between Phenibut and GABA is their structure. Glycine and phenylalanine are replaced in Phenibut by leucine.

At around the molecular structure of benzodiazepines (‘benzos’), phenylalanine becomes tyrosine, yielding a slightly different effect profile than benzodiazepines.

How Phenibut Works In The Brain

Phenibut has an affinity for GABA receptors of approximately 100 times that of GABA.

It also has a high affinity for the α2-δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels.

When bound to the GABA receptor, Phenibut increases the frequency of opening of calcium channels in postsynaptic neurons.

These channels are involved in action potentials (an action potential is generated when there is a change in electrical potential across a neuron’s membrane that causes sodium ions to rush into the cell) and long term potentiation (LTP).

When calcium channels are more readily opened, the action potentials are more likely to pass through, making them more likely to reach the postsynaptic neurons.

This in turn makes it easier for the postsynaptic neurons to send signals back up the axon of the neuron that they are receiving synaptic input from.

This allows for information to be transferred from one point on the nervous system to another faster than it is able to do naturally. This is what LTP is all about.

This means that as Phenibut binds to the receptor, it allows for information to be relayed quicker and more efficiently.

The end result is a greater degree of communication between the neurons of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Remove GABA from the brain and then administer it back, and you can see how Phenibut works in this way.

Another extremely useful property of Phenibut is its anti-anxiety effects. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, meaning it reduces neuronal excitability.

GABA A vs. GABA B

The effects of Phenibut are largely predicted by the fact, that it creates a physiological effect that mimics the effect produced by GABA in our brains.

GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits action potentials and suppresses neuronal excitability.

GABA is produced by neurons in the brain and is released from different parts of the brain at different levels. It serves to maintain a physiological level of rest in the brain, keeping it calmer and less active.

The majority of GABA in our brains comes from two neurotransmitters: GABA A and GABA B.

GABA A receptors modulate neuronal excitability through an inhibitory effect, whereas GABA B receptors modulate neuronal excitability through an excitatory effect.

GABA is also produced in high amounts in the gut, in the adrenal gland and at the level of local tissue.

GABA is also broken down by our enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), along with a few other amino acids.

In order to get GABA into the brain, it must be broken down by this enzyme. Due to this, Phenibut ensures that a larger amount of GABA got into the brain than would otherwise have been possible.

Phenibut Affects Serotonin

Phenibut DOES affect serotonin in the brain.

To start with, serotonin is a neurotransmitter. And, phenibut does affect serotonin in the brain.

Serotonin is produced mainly in the gut and at the level of tissue. It has a ton of functions in the body, but for now we will assume that there is no correlation between Phenibut and serotonin levels.

Serotonin is often referred to as “the happy hormone” due to its well-known role in mood regulation.

Serotonin is broken down by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which is an enzyme that breaks down a variety of different neurotransmitters.

Serotonin is also broken down, through reuptake, by a transporter called SERT.

In order for serotonin to be released, it must first bind to one of these transporters or receptors. Once it has done so, it is recycled in the synapse and bound to a pre-synaptic neuron.

Once bound, serotonin is ready to be released again. However, if it is not released within a certain amount of time, it will simply be broken down by MAO-A or SERT and removed from the synapse.

Phenibut Affects Dopamine

Phenibut DOES increase dopamine in the brain (this is why it provides a stimulatory effect in addition to its anti-anxiolytic effects).

Dopamine is another neurotransmitter. It is involved in a ton of physiological processes, including maintenance of motivation and motor function, attention, habit learning and memory.

Dopamine is broken down by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). This enzyme breaks down a variety of different neurotransmitters in a number of different ways, allowing for clear communication throughout the brain.

Dopamine is also broken down by a transporter called DAT.

DAT works to remove dopamine from the synapse, recycling it and binding it to a pre-synaptic neuron.

In order for dopamine to be released, it must first bind to one of these transporters or receptors. Once it has done so, it is recycled in the synapse and bound to a pre-synaptic neuron.

Once bound, dopamine is ready to be released again. However, if it is not released within a certain amount of time, it will simply be broken down by COMT or DAT and removed from the synapse.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5952553/ (Phenibut (β-Phenyl-γ-aminobutyric Acid) Dependence and Management of Withdrawal: Emerging Nootropics of Abuse)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11830761/ (Phenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA): a tranquilizer and nootropic drug)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340063/ (Safety and Tolerability of the Anxiolytic and Nootropic Drug Phenibut: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Case Reports)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6758981/ (Phenibut Addiction in a Patient with Substance Use Disorder)

source https://nootropicology.com/what-does-phenibut-do-to-the-brain/

Monday, 29 December 2025

Fasoracetam Nootropic Review: Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage

Fasoracetam, a member of the racetam family of drugs, has gained traction in recent years among nootropics enthusiasts and researchers.

As the world of cognitive enhancers expands, Fasoracetam stands out due to its unique pharmacological profile and promising therapeutic effects.

In this review, I will journey into the landscape of this compound, assessing its nootropic benefits, potential side effects, and recommended dosages.

So without further ado, let's dive in!

What is Fasoracetam?

Fasoracetam (NS-105) is a member of the racetam lineage, a collection of compounds known for their impact on cognition and brain health. Hailing from the innovative labs of the Japanese pharmaceutical giant Nippon Shinyaku in the 1990s, Fasoracetam was initially conceptualized as a beacon of hope against the debilitating effects of Alzheimer's disease.

Scientists and researchers, enticed by its structural peculiarities and promise, dedicated substantial resources to understanding its therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's.

Racetams – A Brief Insight

The racetams, from which Fasoracetam is derived, are primarily synthetic molecules. They have carved a niche in both pharmaceutical and nootropic circles for their remarkable neuroprotective properties and the capability to enhance cognitive functions.

Spanning from the renowned Piracetam, often dubbed as the original nootropic, to the likes of Aniracetam and Oxiracetam, racetams have been revered for decades for their multifaceted benefits to brain health.

The Shift in Perspective

As research on Fasoracetam progressed, it became evident that while it held some promise in Alzheimer's management, it might not be the magic bullet that the medical community had initially hoped for. However, this perceived setback didn't overshadow Fasoracetam's intrinsic potential. Instead, it pivoted its trajectory towards the nootropic realm.

The cognitive enhancements it offered, notably in memory, focus, and mood stabilization, didn't go unnoticed by neuroscientists and biohackers alike.

Modern-Day Utility

Today, Fasoracetam stands as a testament to the adaptability of scientific exploration. While it might not have revolutionized Alzheimer's treatment, it found its rightful place in the arsenal of cognitive enhancers.

Many, including seasoned nootropic enthusiasts like myself, have turned to Fasoracetam to either elevate cognitive prowess or alleviate specific neurological concerns. Its efficacy, combined with a generally favorable safety profile, solidifies its stance in the nootropic domain.

How Does Fasoracetam Work in the Brain?

The workings of Fasoracetam (mechanism of action) within the intricate neural networks of our brain are not just singular but present a diverse array of interactions. Here's an in-depth exploration of its modes of action:

Modulation of Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine Dynamics

Central to Fasoracetam's nootropic properties is its profound effect on neurotransmitter modulation, especially acetylcholine (ACh). Acetylcholine, often colloquially termed the "learning neurotransmitter," is pivotal in various cognitive processes, including memory formation, retention, and recall.^[1]

Fasoracetam is believed to augment the release of acetylcholine in specific neural pathways, thereby heightening synaptic plasticity. Such amplification can bolster neural connections in critical brain areas like the hippocampus, which is intricately linked to memory and spatial navigation.

GABAergic Interactions: A Paradoxical Dance

The interactions Fasoracetam has with GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) neurotransmission is intriguing. GABA, a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, is quintessential for maintaining neural equilibrium. When I first experimented with Fasoracetam, I was intrigued by its ability to interact with GABA-B receptors.^[2]

Rather than the typical inhibitory effects associated with GABA agonists, Fasoracetam appears to modulate these effects, bringing about mood stabilization and a pronounced reduction in anxiety for some users.

Glutamatergic Modulation: The Excitatory Pathway

Beyond its interactions with acetylcholine and GABA, Fasoracetam also exerts influence over the glutamatergic system, especially concerning metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamate, as the chief excitatory neurotransmitter, orchestrates a multitude of cognitive functions, ranging from learning to sensory processing.^[3]

By modulating the sensitivity and activity of these receptors, Fasoracetam may enhance neural excitability and plasticity, thereby amplifying cognitive prowess.

AMPK Activation: Cellular Energy and Neuroprotection

Drawing from personal observations and anecdotal accounts, there's speculation about Fasoracetam's role in activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK, an enzyme deeply intertwined with cellular energy balance, is gaining traction in neuroscientific circles for its potential neuroprotective attributes.^[4]

Its activation offers resilience against certain neural stressors, fortifying brain cells against oxidative damage and potential age-related degenerations.

In synthesizing these intricate interactions, it becomes clear that Fasoracetam's allure as a nootropic isn't just due to a singular pathway, but a symphony of neural modulations that collectively enhance and protect cognitive functions.

Nootropic Benefits of Fasoracetam

In the realm of cognitive enhancers, Fasoracetam's profile suggests it plays a significant role in various neurocognitive processes.

Memory Enhancement

Experimental studies indicate that Fasoracetam's effects extend to both short-term and long-term memory. Mechanistically, it influences acetylcholine release, a vital neurotransmitter in memory pathways. Anecdotally, users often report noticeable boosts in memory retention and recall, supporting these findings.

Mood Regulation

From a biochemical perspective, Fasoracetam has shown interaction with GABA receptors. GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a pivotal role in mood regulation. Some users, including myself, have reported relief from depressive symptoms and enhanced mood stabilization, potentially as a consequence of these GABAergic interactions.

Attention and Focus

The cholinergic system, responsible for attentional processes, may also be influenced by Fasoracetam. Enhanced attention and a decrease in susceptibility to distractions are commonly reported benefits. On a personal note, I've found that tasks requiring prolonged concentration become more manageable when supplemented with Fasoracetam.

Learning Capabilities

Fasoracetam could also be enhancing synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity pertains to the brain's ability to strengthen or weaken synaptic connections over time, a process intrinsic to learning. This modulation could, theoretically, result in improved information processing and integration, although more research is needed in this domain.

Findings on Fasoracetam (NFC-1) for ADHD Treatment

One study aimed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activator, NFC-1, in adolescents with ADHD who have mutations in mGluR network genes.

It aimed to introduce an innovative, precision medicine-based approach by leveraging genetic testing data to repurpose a drug for a genetically stratified dataset.^[5]

Study Design and Process

30 adolescents, aged 12–17 with ADHD, underwent genetic testing to determine their mutation status, which was kept double-blinded.
Participants were subjected to a single-blind placebo in the first week, followed by dose escalation of NFC-1 up to 400 mg BID over the next four weeks.

Clinical Outcomes

NFC-1 showed significant clinical improvement in ADHD symptoms as assessed by global rating scales.
The CGI-I (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement) and CGI-S (Clinical Global Impressions-Severity) scores notably improved from baseline to week 5.
Over 80% of the subjects exhibited clinically significant improvements in ADHD symptoms.
The highest response was seen in individuals with Tier-1/Tier-2 mGluR mutations.

Safety and Tolerance

No significant adverse events were reported between the placebo week and the active drug weeks, indicating the drug's safety and tolerability.
The pharmacokinetic parameters, including the half-life of NFC-1, were consistent with previous findings in Japanese adults.

The study concluded that NFC-1 is safe and well-tolerated in adolescents with ADHD who have mutations affecting the mGluR network genes. Although this was an early-stage study, patients who received NFC-1 displayed significant clinical improvement in ADHD symptoms.

Importantly, the level of response was associated with the presence of specific gene disruptions in the mGluR network, with the highest improvements observed in patients with Tier 1/Tier 2 mutations. The study emphasizes the potential value of genetic prioritization in guiding ADHD treatment selection.

Potential Side Effects of Fasoracetam

Like any substance, Fasoracetam, despite its potential nootropic benefits, comes with a set of possible side effects. While the compound is generally well-tolerated, it's essential to understand its potential adverse reactions.

The Dreaded Headaches

Headaches are a common side effect reported with Fasoracetam, likely arising from a cholinergic imbalance. This imbalance is linked to the racetam's influence on acetylcholine receptors, creating a demand for choline that might not be matched by the brain's supply. To tackle this issue, some users have found that co-supplementation with a choline source, such as alpha-GPC or citicoline, can alleviate the discomfort.

Digestive Issues

Along with headaches, digestive discomfort is another side effect noted by a few users of Fasoracetam. Symptoms might include nausea and mild stomach cramps. These issues usually resolve on their own or can be managed with a simple dosage adjustment. Some users also suggest taking Fasoracetam with a meal to minimize the discomfort.

Fatigue

Though relatively rare, some users have reported feeling lethargic or fatigued after taking Fasoracetam. The exact cause of this reaction is still unclear, adding a layer of mystery to the compound's profile. It might be due to individual metabolism, specific neurotransmitter activity, or underlying health conditions. Adjusting the timing or the dose or examining one's sleep pattern and diet might provide clues and solutions to this problem.

The Overstimulation Conundrum

Higher dosages of Fasoracetam might lead to a feeling of overstimulation, akin to consuming excessive caffeine. This can manifest as jitteriness, anxiety, or insomnia. To counteract these symptoms, users should consider dose reduction or taking Fasoracetam earlier in the day. Monitoring other stimulants like caffeine might also help, as they could be amplifying these effects.

General Tips for Safe Fasoracetam Use

For those considering the use of Fasoracetam, it's best to start slow and adjust the dosage as needed, as individual reactions can vary widely. Consulting with a healthcare provider before mixing Fasoracetam with other medications is essential. Additionally, the long-term effects of Fasoracetam are still not well-understood, so regular health checks and monitoring are advisable.

Fasoracetam Stacks & Dosages

Beyond its individual potential, how does Fasoracetam fare when combined with other nootropics?

How much should one consume to reap its advantages? As we venture deeper into understanding this fascinating compound, we'll address its stacking synergies, optimal dosage guidelines, and its esteemed position within the nootropic community.

Exploring Fasoracetam Stacks

Nootropic enthusiasts often explore combinations or "stacks" of different compounds to enhance the benefits and potentially counteract any adverse side effects.

When it comes to Fasoracetam, several stacking options have garnered attention:

Fasoracetam and Choline Sources: Given that Fasoracetam modulates cholinergic activity, it's frequently paired with choline sources like alpha-GPC or citicoline. This combination can potentially mitigate the headache side effect associated with many racetams and enhance cognitive benefits due to improved cholinergic function.

Fasoracetam and Phenylpiracetam: This combination aims to synergize the mood-enhancing and anxiolytic effects of Fasoracetam with the stimulating effects of Phenylpiracetam. Together, they can provide a balanced boost in cognitive function without overstimulation.

Fasoracetam and Aniracetam: As Aniracetam is known for its anxiolytic and mood-boosting effects, combining it with Fasoracetam may deepen these benefits, creating a sense of relaxed focus.

Fasoracetam Dosage Guidelines

While Fasoracetam's therapeutic benefits are promising, it's crucial to approach its consumption with a structured methodology. The ideal dosage can vary based on individual factors like body weight, tolerance, and specific cognitive enhancement goals.

Typically, dosages range from 10mg to 100mg per day. Many users start at the lower end, taking around 10mg to 20mg daily and gradually increasing if needed. It's always recommended to initiate with the lowest effective dose and make adjustments over time, observing any changes in effects or side effects.

For those using Fasoracetam for its nootropic properties, smaller doses may be adequate. However, those seeking therapeutic benefits for specific neurological concerns might opt for a higher dose, always under the guidance of a medical professional.

The Esteemed Position of Fasoracetam in the Nootropic Community

Fasoracetam, though a relative newcomer, has swiftly garnered a dedicated following in the nootropic community. Its multifaceted neurochemical activity, combined with promising anecdotal accounts, positions it as a versatile option for both novice and experienced nootropic users.

The compound's potential in enhancing memory, improving mood, and even aiding specific neurological disorders has been a focal point of discussion in various forums and research circles. Its interplay with critical neurotransmitter systems and its stacking potential makes Fasoracetam an exciting frontier in the ongoing quest for cognitive enhancement.

As with all nootropics, individuals are encouraged to conduct thorough research, consult with healthcare professionals, and approach its use with informed caution. The journey with Fasoracetam, as with all cognitive enhancers, is deeply personal, with the ultimate goal being an enhanced quality of life and improved cognitive function.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the chemical structure and classification of Fasoracetam?

Fasoracetam is chemically known as (5R)-5-(piperidine-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-2-one. It belongs to the racetam family, a group of synthetic compounds known for their cognitive-enhancing effects.

How does Fasoracetam compare to other racetams, like Piracetam or Aniracetam?

Fasoracetam primarily differentiates itself by its interactions with cholinergic, GABA, and glutamate receptors. While all racetams influence cognitive function, Fasoracetam's potential effect on ADHD and mood disorders is distinctive, setting it apart from other racetams like Piracetam (which mainly acts on synaptic membranes) or Aniracetam (known for its anxiolytic effects).

Can Fasoracetam be detected in drug screenings?

Standard drug screenings typically do not test for nootropics, including Fasoracetam. However, specialized tests might detect its presence. It's worth noting that Fasoracetam is not classified as a controlled substance in many countries, but always check with local regulations.

Is there a risk of developing tolerance with prolonged Fasoracetam usage?

While some racetams might lead to tolerance over time, the current literature does not indicate a pronounced tolerance development for Fasoracetam. However, it's advisable to cycle any nootropic to mitigate potential tolerance and dependence.

Are there any known drug interactions with Fasoracetam?

As with many compounds, Fasoracetam may interact with other medications, particularly those that affect neurotransmitter systems. It's imperative to consult a healthcare professional before combining Fasoracetam with other drugs, especially sedatives or stimulants.

Can pregnant or breastfeeding women use Fasoracetam?

There is limited data on the safety of Fasoracetam in pregnant or lactating women. As a precaution, it is recommended that these groups avoid using the substance until more definitive research is available.

How does Fasoracetam affect elderly populations?

The geriatric population might experience altered pharmacokinetics and sensitivity to medications, including nootropics. While there's no specific data on Fasoracetam's effects in the elderly, caution and medical consultation are advisable.

Is Fasoracetam considered legal worldwide?

Legal status varies by country. While Fasoracetam is legal for purchase and use in some countries, it might be regulated or restricted in others. Always check local regulations before purchasing or traveling with Fasoracetam.

My Final Thoughts on Fasoracetam as a Nootropic

Navigating the labyrinthine world of nootropics, I've come across various substances, each with its unique claims and effects.

Fasoracetam stands out among them, not just for its intriguing mechanisms of action but also for the compelling mix of research-backed data and personal testimonials.

As someone deeply invested in cognitive enhancement and overall mental well-being, here are my final thoughts on this particular racetam.

Summary of Benefits and Side Effects
Fasoracetam has been hailed for its cognitive enhancing abilities, notably in memory consolidation, focus, and mood modulation. These advantages, rooted in its interaction with cholinergic, GABA, and glutamate receptors, place it in a promising position within the nootropics arena.

On the flip side, the side effects, though generally mild, serve as a reminder of the compound's potency. Headaches, digestive discomfort, and occasional feelings of fatigue or overstimulation underline the need for proper dosage and caution.

Reflection on Current Research and Anecdotal Evidence
While clinical research on Fasoracetam, particularly its potential therapeutic application for conditions like ADHD, is still in its nascent stages, anecdotal evidence paints a promising picture. Numerous users report heightened clarity of thought, improved motivation, and a subtle yet profound enhancement in overall cognitive function.

However, as with all substances, there's a spectrum of experiences, and it's essential to differentiate between empirical research and individual accounts.

Emphasis on Responsible Usage
My journey with nootropics has always been underscored by a simple principle: responsibility. Fasoracetam, with its multifaceted effects, requires a judicious approach. Starting with a lower dose, paying attention to the body's feedback, and avoiding hasty increments or combinations are imperative.

Furthermore, I always recommend seeking the counsel of a healthcare professional before introducing any new substance to one's regimen.

Prospects for Future Research and Application
Fasoracetam’s potential extends beyond mere cognitive enhancement. As research delves deeper into its effects, particularly on ADHD and other neurological conditions, there's hope for groundbreaking applications. The intersection of genomics and pharmacology, as seen in studies that stratify patients based on genetic variations, might usher in an era of personalized medicine, where Fasoracetam and compounds like it are tailored to individual needs.

In closing, Fasoracetam, like the vast tapestry of nootropics available today, offers a glimpse into the future of cognitive enhancement and therapeutic intervention.

With caution, curiosity, and a commitment to understanding its nuances, it might just prove to be a game-changer for many.

Ogasawara, T et al. “Involvement of cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the reversal of memory disruption by NS-105, a cognition enhancer.” Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior vol. 64,1 (1999): 41-52. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00108-2
Shimidzu, T et al. “Effect of a novel cognition enhancer NS-105 on learned helplessness in rats: possible involvement of GABA(B) receptor up-regulation after repeated treatment.” European journal of pharmacology vol. 338,3 (1997): 225-32. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)81925-5
Elia, J., Ungal, G., Kao, C. et al. "Fasoracetam in adolescents with ADHD and glutamatergic gene network variants disrupting mGluR neurotransmitter signaling". Nat Commun 9, 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02244-2
Steinberg, Gregory R, and D Grahame Hardie. “New insights into activation and function of the AMPK.” Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology vol. 24,4 (2023): 255-272. doi:10.1038/s41580-022-00547-x
Elia, Josephine et al. “Fasoracetam in adolescents with ADHD and glutamatergic gene network variants disrupting mGluR neurotransmitter signaling.” Nature communications vol. 9,1 4. 16 Jan. 2018, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02244-2

source https://nootropicology.com/fasoracetam-review/

Sunday, 28 December 2025

Can Modafinil Cause Heart Attack?

Modafinil, also known as Provigil, is a drug used to treat several sleeping disorders, including narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.

Modafinil side effects may occur because of the drug's mechanism of action. It works by affecting chemicals in the brain that help regulate wakefulness and appetite (e.g., dopamine, histamine).

Modafinil can also cause serious side effects not related to its mechanism of action. One serious side effect is an increased risk of experiencing heart attacks or strokes if you're at an elevated risk for cardiovascular problems.

Anyone who has a history of heart disease or stroke should consult his or her doctor before taking Modafinil.

If you've previously suffered from any form of heart disease, you're at a higher risk for developing another heart condition. Modafinil will put this risk even higher.

What The Science Says

A 2014 study published in the journal Research in Cardiovascular Medicine found that Modafinil can substantially increase your risk of experiencing cardiovascular issues and other health problems such as strokes, heart attacks and death.

Modafinil may cause blood clots or blockages that can obstruct the flow of blood to the heart. This could trigger a myocardial infarction (i.e., a heart attack). It could also trigger an arrhythmia (an abnormal heartbeat) or sudden cardiac arrest.

Furthermore, it can cause hyper-coagulability which is when there's excessive bleeding and clumping together in your blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of stroke and internal bleeding.

Modafinil may also increase your risk of suffering a stroke since it increases blood pressure levels in some individuals which is already high as it is because of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or taking other drugs to treat sleep disorders.

How Modafinil Affects The Heart

Modafinil, like all stimulants, works to keep the brain alert and awake. But unlike many stimulants it does not affect serotonin levels and as such has no effect on dopamine levels in the brain. This is why it does not lead to hyperactivity or anxiety in people who are on it for sleep disorders.

However, because it affects dopamine levels in the body, Modafinil can also cause abnormal heartbeats. This is why they can cause clots that can block blood flow to the heart which may cause a heart attack.

Some of the symptoms of a possible heart attack include: chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting and dizziness.

Modafinil is also very risky for people who already have heart issues such as heart disease or stroke or are experiencing a blood clot.

For some people, it may interfere with the body's natural ability to regulate blood pressure levels and increase heart rate as needed.

Occasionally, people have experienced more serious adverse effects that may require emergency medical attention.

These include:

Irregular heartbeat
Heart palpitations or tachycardia
Sudden cardiac arrest and heart failure.
Blood clots including ones that can obstruct blood flow to the heart which could lead to a heart attack and death.

People who have or are suffering from pre-existing heart conditions or stroke should consult with their physician before taking Modafinil.

If you're not sure if you're at an elevated risk for cardiovascular problems, there are several online tools such as the 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk calculator that can help you establish your risk of developing heart conditions in the next decade.

source https://nootropicology.com/can-modafinil-cause-heart-attack/

Can You Mix Modafinil And Alcohol?

The short answer is, yes. Can I do it safely? Probably not...

Depending on how you use Modafinil, there's a possibility that the two substances might interact with each other in a way that could be dangerous.

Although mixing Modafinil and Alcohol together can cause quite a few complications, it is certainly possible to take Modafinil at the same time as drinking alcohol.

In fact, there are people who do this on a fairly regular basis. But it's certainly not recommended.

However, there are plenty of people out there who swear by this practice as a way to drink less while also getting hammered with no hangovers.

How Do Modafinil & Alcohol Work In Combination?

If you're taking Modafinil to treat your ADHD or narcolepsy, then the negative effect of combining Modafinil with alcohol probably isn't going to outweigh the positive effects of having a few drinks.

There are a lot of anecdotal reports online where people discuss how they've used Modafinil as a way to get drunk but with no hangovers.

Modafinil is a prescription drug that was originally created to treat sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and sleep apnea.

However, the effects of the drug were noticed early on and it's now often used off-label by many people who want to get stuff done.

Modafinil works in a variety of ways to improve wakefulness in users.

It stimulates the release of several neurotransmitters including histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and glutamate.

Modafinil also increases the expression of GABA-A receptors in the brain which leads to an overall calming effect on users.

The way this interacts with alcohol is pretty complex but basically this means that it can mess you up good if you combine these two substances together when you drink enough so that your blood alcohol content (BAC) gets above .04% or so.

Mostly you'll just be impaired by them both together (some people are very sensitive to Modafinil and Alcohol - instead of feeling energetic they actually become agitated and depressed).

What Are The Dangers?

In rare cases, you can have dangerous reactions that lead to seizures or even death.

But the chances of that are really really small.

When you drink any amount of alcohol, your body will release some amount of the neurotransmitter GABA in order to slow down or calm you down (this happens because alcohol is a very potent GABA inhibitor).

Modafinil works differently, but it's going to have the same effect on you: it will amplify the traditional effects of alcohol on your brain.

Modafinil is thought to be less habit-forming than most stimulants, especially if used responsibly and only for an intended purpose (like treating narcolepsy).

The safety record is very solid because there are no addictive substances in it and tolerance isn't really a thing with Modafinil like it is with nearly every other stimulant out there (including caffeine).

Modafinil's medical uses make combining it with alcohol akin to mixing alcohol and any other common prescription drug.

The primary danger of mixing Modafinil with alcohol is that your judgment will be impaired to the point where you need to be extra careful about everything you do.

This is true for a lot of people, but it's especially dangerous if you're already an alcoholic or just someone who has a tendency towards risky behavior when they drink.

Modafinil is also very strong in comparison to other stimulants so if you try mixing it with any other kind of drug - including alcohol - then you're going to dramatically increase your chance of having serious side effects.

Should You Mix Alcohol And Modafinil?

Mixing Modafinil and Alcohol is a really bad idea.

Modafinil is only meant to be taken with a clear mind - alcohol certainly isn't going to do that for you.

If you're going to drink alcohol with Modafinil, the best-case scenario is that you'll have a fun night but feel pretty worn out in the morning (though according to some anecdotal reports online, people actually experience zero hangovers the next day).

The worst-case scenario could be something much worse including unconsciousness, seizures or even death.

Modafinil on its own can cause side effects such as headaches, nausea, anxiety and insomnia in some users but these side effects are generally short-lived and only occur during the first few days of use.

Other side effects associated with long-term use of Modafinil include anxiety, lack of appetite and impaired judgment (which could make it dangerous to mix with alcohol).

If you use Modafinil as part of your lifestyle, then that's fine - but don't mix it with alcohol.

References:

https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/modafinil-addiction/modafinil-and-alcohol/ (Mixing Modafinil With Alcohol)
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00305292 (Modafinil-Alcohol Interactions in Healthy Volunteers)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23141152/ (Effect of modafinil on impulsivity and relapse in alcohol dependent patients)

source https://nootropicology.com/alcohol-and-modafinil/

Does Modafinil Raise Blood Pressure?

Researchers have discovered that modafinil, despite having been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a drug to promote wakefulness, does raise blood pressure.

Modafinil is used in the treatment of hypersomnolence, such as in narcolepsy and in sleep apnea.

In order to determine whether or not there were any side effects of modafinil, researchers at the University of California San Diego studied six healthy subjects who took 200mg doses of modafinil daily for 21 days.

These subjects were monitored before they took the drug as well as during and after their regimen was completed.

After they had finished their regimen, researchers found that there was a significant increase in blood pressure among those who had taken modafinil compared to when they had taken a placebo pill.

The short-term increase ranged from 6% to 17%, during which time systolic blood pressure increased by 10mmHg. It should be noted that some individuals also experienced an increase in heart rate while on the drug, but it was not drastic enough for them to be considered clinically meaningful.

How Modafinil Affects The Blood & Body

Researchers state that they are not entirely sure how modafinil works and that is why they tested it on healthy subjects.

The drug is believed to work by increasing the amount of orexin in the brain, which helps stimulate wakefulness.

Researchers used an fMRI to track what happens in the brain when a person has a working memory task, such as counting backward from 100 by 7s while looking at a screen displaying random numbers.

The results showed that there was a significant increase in activity in the prefrontal cortex among those who had been given modafinil compared to those who had taken the placebo.

The researchers say that future studies should include larger groups of people who take modafinil and should be conducted over longer periods of time.

They also state that more research should be done on the drug's effects on blood pressure and its use by those who do not have a history of sleep apnea or insomnia.

Different Effects On Blood Pressure

It has also been known that women respond differently than men do when taking modafinil. Women experienced greater improvements of executive functioning, working memory and spatial planning than men did.

Additionally, women had higher increases in blood pressure after taking modafinil compared to men.

The researchers believe this could be attributed to women having naturally lower levels of orexin in their brains than men do. Women were also less likely than men to experience increases in heart rate after taking modafinil.

According to the researchers, these differences in the responses of women and men could account for some of the higher risks of cardiovascular problems seen among female patients who were using modafinil.

Although it is possible that more research needs to be done on this subject, private practice doctors have not been put off by these findings.

However, they do recommend that people should still take modafinil only as prescribed by their doctors.

It is also recommended that those who are on it should continue eating healthy diets and exercising regularly to help control their blood pressure while taking it.

They also encourage anyone who takes blood pressure medication to make sure their doctor knows they are taking modafinil, so they can adjust their dosages accordingly if necessary.

References:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18548832/ (Effect of modafinil on cerebral blood flow in narcolepsy patients)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18275558/ (Cerebral blood flow changes in man by wake-promoting drug, modafinil: a randomized double blind study)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10096265/ (Does short-term treatment with modafinil affect blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?)

source https://nootropicology.com/does-modafinil-raise-blood-pressure/

About Us

Nootropicology, founded by John Bartholdi, is dedicated to exploring nootropics and cognitive enhancers. The blog delves into scientific research on nootropics and shares experiences with various supplements. Since 2009, John has been interested in psychopharmacology and neuroscience, focusing on neurocognition-enhancing effects of compounds. Nootropicology aims to share knowledge on cognitive enhancement without pharmaceutical interventions, providing insights for individuals interested in biohacking and neuropsychology.

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