A new study from 2022 conducted by researchers at Swinburne University, Melbourne, has found that the cognitive and mood benefits of nootropic supplements depend on the dietary status of those taking them.
With 141 participants in the study – some with ‘optimal’ diets and some with ‘sub-optimal’ diets – results showed that those who had an 'optimal' diet before supplementation experienced improved attentional performance along with lower state anxiety and mental fatigue.[1]
The study was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial and examined the effect of a multi-nutrient nootropics supplement containing B group vitamins, Bacopa Monnieri and Ginkgo Biloba on memory, attention, mood, and biochemical markers of nutrient status in participants over 12 weeks.
The participants were all middle-aged adults with an average age of 52.84 years. A mixed model and repeated measures analysis revealed that compared to a placebo group, active treatment was associated with significant increases in levels of B1, B6, and B12.
"These findings suggest that the cognitive benefit of B vitamin and herbal supplementation may be dependent on diet quality, supporting the concepts of ‘co-nutrient optimization’ and interdependency of nutrients."
However, with regard to behavioral outcomes such as memory and attention performances, there was no significant benefit across the sample.
While this did not support the primary hypothesis of the study, a closer investigation revealed that individuals with an 'optimal' diet prior to supplementation had significantly improved attentional performance when given active treatment.
Moreover, a number of additional secondary outcomes showed positive effects of supplementation even in the absence of a main effect. These included lower state anxiety and mental fatigue levels in specific subgroups.
This study provides valuable insight into the effectiveness of nootropic supplements when the user has already established an optimal diet.
For those attempting to improve their attentional performance and emotional regulation, adding supplemental nutrients can be beneficial in alleviating anxious states and mental fatigue.
Importantly, when a balanced diet is absent, these supplements may not provide enough benefits to be worth taking. This research makes a case for incorporating certain dietary supplements as part of an overall health practice if one is looking for better emotional or cognitive performance.
Young, Lauren M., et al. “Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 29 Nov. 2022, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/23/5079.
Cyclazodoneis aCNS stimulantwith amphetamine-like and antidepressant effects. Biohackers use it for better focus, energy & increased motivation (Cyclazodone is not meant for human consumption).
So I was doing some light research on a new potential Nootropic for a stack I'm currently trying to make and came across an interesting Smart Drug called; Cyclazodone.
One of the things that I find interesting about Cyclazodone is that the effects have been compared to those of amphetamine (but without all the negative side effects).
This, obviously, made me want to dive a little bit deeper into it - especially since people are reporting better focus, sociability, and elevated mood when they take this stimulant.
So in this article, I will take a closer look at the following;
What is Cyclazodone?
What does Cyclazodone do in the body?
What are the benefits and side effects?
Is Cyclazodone legal in your country?
What are people on Reddit saying about it?
.... So without further ado, let's jump straight to it!
What is Cyclazodone?
As I briefly mentioned in the beginning, Cyclazodone is a central nervous system stimulant with amphetamine-like effects with possessed anorexic efficacy.
The chemical name is; 2-(cyclopropylamino)-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazole-4-one. The molecular weight is 216.24 and the formula is C12H12N2O2.
Cyclazodone was first synthesized back in the '60s by an American company called; The American Cyanamid Company.
The idea behind Cyclazodone was to develop a safer CNS-stimulant to Pemoline and other similar derivatives.
Pemoline was used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy but is no longer available in the US.
The FDA withdrew the approval of pemoline due to its negative side effects in children - some leading to liver failure.
Compared to Pemoline, Cyclazodone is a much safer CNS stimulant and closely related. That being said, it is only available for scientific research purposes in the US.
Cyclazodone is proven in clinical trials to be extremely effective as an energy booster in animal models withanorexigenic effects. It has unique features that set it apart from other sympathomimetic drugs with less stimulatory activity and toxicity compared to amphetamines.
What does it do in the body?
Cyclazodone is a 4-oxazolidinone stimulant that produces focus enhancing, wakefulness, and alertness effects.
When it comes to how it affects the body we have very limited data available. However, it has been shown to be extremely effective for cognitive fatigue with its nootropic properties.
That being said, it is speculated that it likely possesses a hepatotoxic, negative impact on blood pressure, and other not-known toxic effects.
We do, however, have some animal models where Cyclazodone has been shown to exhibit powerful CNS and antidepressant effects.
It also possesses anorexic efficacy and potency and the toxicity of cyclazodone is low compared to other amphetamine-like agonists.
Cyclazodone impacts the TAAR1-receptor in the brain. TAAR1 is the main regulator of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.
This leads to the release of increased concentrations of these 3 neurotransmitters in the brain which in turn enhances cognition through better concentration, mood, and energy levels.
What are the benefits and side effects?
It's worth noting that most of the benefits and side effects experienced on Cyclazodone are anecdotal.
The Subjective Effect Index is basically just a huge collection of articles designed to serve as an in-depth reference work for the subjective effects people are experiencing when taking psychoactive substances.
Here's what people are reporting in terms of the Benefits:
Stimulating - Weaker than methamphetamine, but stronger than Modafinil and caffeine.
Cognitive euphoria
Appetite suppression
Pain relief
Anxiety suppression
Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement
Here's what people are reporting in terms of the Side Effects:
Abnormal heartbeat
Nausea - only seems to occur when higher dosages are used
Teeth grinding- but less intense compared to amphetamines
The benefits it has on cognition is the main reason why people see Cyclazodone as a potent Nootropic with the only downside being the potential side effects.
In addition, when it comes to the toxicity and long-term use of Cyclazodone, we don't have any studies (and only very limited history of human usage) which are why the exact toxic dose is still unknown.
Is it addictive?
Given the similarities that Cyclazodone and amphetamines have, a question that comes to mind is if Cyclazodone has addictive properties or not.
Whenever it comes to amphetamine-like stimulants, addiction is always a serious concern.
Compared to Pemoline, Cyclazodone doesn't seem to show any addictive properties. That being said caution is always advised like it's the case with all monoamine agents.
It's worth noting that tolerance to the effects of it only seems to develop with prolonged use. Hence, why people need larger dosages in order to feel the effects.
If you stop taking Cyclazodone, it usually takes anywhere from 4 to 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half.
Cognitive and physical stimulation
Cyclazodone enhances cognitive performance and is used as a study aid.
One of the possible reasons why that might be is because of how it elevates arousal, energy, pleasure, and other positive stimulatory effects through TAAR1-receptors.
In addition to increasing focus, prolonging attention span, and improving memory recall, the positively stimulating effects from Cyclazodone can also be beneficial for those that suffer from fatigue, chronic exhaustion, and other forms of mental and physical lethargy caused by certain medical conditions.
Central Nervous System Stimulants
A central nervous system stimulant like Cyclazodone is often used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and other sleep disorders.
It's also used as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of obesity and smoking cessation.
Cyclazodone is a potent monoamine agonist that acts as a serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine releasing agent.
It has been shown to be anorexic, euphoric, and cognitively stimulating.
Cyclazodone is one of the most popular central nervous system stimulants on the market.
It's worth noting that the majority of studies done on Cyclazodone were in rats and mice, not humans.
In addition, due to the lack of safety data, it should be used with caution and only by those who are experienced with similar stimulants.
Dopaminergic Stimulant
A stimulant drug that increases the activity of dopamine in the brain is considered a dopaminergic stimulant.
The typical dopaminergic central nervous system is responsible for regulating movement, motivation, pleasure, and reward.
D Amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate are all examples of dopaminergic stimulants.
Cyclazodone is one of the more typical dopaminergic stimulants on the market.
It's worth noting that Cyclazodone, as well as amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and should be used with caution.
Minimal Sympathomimetic Side Effects
When we're talking about the side effects of stimulants, one thing that comes to mind is how they affect your heart.
Since Cyclazodone acts as a mild sympathomimetic, it has the potential to elevate blood pressure and heart rate by increasing norepinephrine release.
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter responsible for regulating both energy levels and heart rate.
Because of this, it's always important to be aware of your individual tolerance and to monitor your vitals if you are taking Cyclazodone.
In general, Cyclazodone has a lower potential for abuse and causes significantly fewer adverse effects than other stimulants like amphetamines.
That being said, it does still retain some degree of risk, and caution is advised when using it.
Due to the lack of long-term safety data on Cyclazodone, it should never be used unless you have experience with similar agents.
Antidepressant efficacy
As briefly mentioned in the beginning, Cyclazodone is also an antidepressant.
While the mechanism of action is not fully understood, it's believed that Cyclazodone increases the availability of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain by blocking their reuptake.
This can lead to a variety of therapeutic benefits such as increased energy, improved mood, and decreased anxiety.
Cyclazodone is a fast-acting antidepressant that can provide relief within hours of taking it.
It's also been shown to be effective for the long-term treatment of depression.
Again, it should be noted that Cyclazodone has not been studied in humans as extensively as other antidepressants like Fluoxetine (Prozac).
Is it legal in your country?
As is the case with most Smart Drugs, Cyclazodone is in a gray area when it comes to its legality.
This means that within certain parts of the world, its regulation is in a legal gray area, and in some areas, it is a banned stimulant (we don't know if it's illegal to possess or not).
That's why some people can be charged for their possession while others won´t.
What we do know, however, is that in 2006 the World Anti-Doping Agency banned its use and put it on The Prohibited List.
From what I could find, Cyclazodone is not a controlled substance in;
Germany
Switzerland
This means that it may in some instances be considered legal. In the US it's considered a Schedule IV controlled substance.
Read Also: My Favourite Nootropics
What people on Reddit are saying about Cyclazodone
I thought it would be interesting to find 1 or 2 threads on Reddit to see what people that are actually taking Cyclazodone have to say.
I have linked to each thread so you can go over and read it for yourself.
The first thread I found is by a user called; u/-redan.
Redan starts off by saying that Cyclazodone is pretty amazing. He recently tried it and was impressed by the focus enhancement.
That being said, he did notice an anxiogenic effect.
He then goes on to say the following;
"There's a noticeable mood lift, anti-anxiety effects, combined with strong focusing enhancement effects..."
He then finishes off by saying that tolerance buildup doesn't seem to be a problem with N-Methyl-Cyclazodone and the other related compounds.
Another user called; u/Engenderling is talking about the negative side effects of N-Methyl-Cyclazodone.
The thread is a pretty detailed explanation of his Cyclazodone use.
Triacetyluridine, or TAU, is a nootropic that converts to Uridine in the body. It's proven to help alleviate the symptoms of depression by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.
If you've just recently come across Triacetyluridine you might have been wondering what exactly this relatively popular Nootropic is, what it does and if it has any potential side effects/benefits?
In this article I will take a closer look at the following topics:
What is Triacetyluridine?
What are the benefits and side effects?
What's the best dosage?
Can you stack it with other Nootropics?
What are people on Reddit saying about?
Where can you buy it?
... So without further ado, let's just jump straight to it, shall we?
What Is Triacetyluridine & How Does It Work?
As briefly mentioned in the beginning Triacetyluridine converts to Uridine in the body. Uridine is just one of the five standard nucleosides. The other four are;
Cytidine
Guanosine
Adenosine
Thymidine
When Triacetyluridine converts to Uridine Triphosphate in the body it can deliver up to 6 time as much uridine than just consuming uridine alone.
Uridine is a precursor of ribonucleic acid which supports healthy functioning of the central nervous system.
Clinically, Triacetyluridine is used in the treatment of fluorouracil overdose or toxicity. I found a study about Triacetyluridine right here where they show the efficacy in treating fluorouracil overdoses.
It's worth noting that Triacetyluridine received an FDA approval in 2015.
Triacetyluridine is found to activate the P2Y2receptors in the brain. This study shows that the P2Y2R plays a neuroprotective role during inflammation in the CNS.
The reason why people are using Triacetyluridine as a Nootrpic is because it enhances functioning in synaptic connections and improves mitochondrial functioning.
What Are The Benefits And Side Effects?
The data on potential benefits and side effects when taking Triacetyluridine is well documented.
From the studies I could find about Triacetyluridine here's what they show:
As is the case with most Nootropics, it's always a good idea to start off with a low dose to access its effects on your body/mental health.
If it's your first time trying Triacetyluridine I wouldn't recommend stacking it with other Nootropics either until you're 100% certain that it doesn't have any negative side effects.
Triacetyluridine vs Uridine Monophosphate
There isn't too much of a difference between Triacetyluridine and uridine monophosphate.
That being said Triacetyluridine is more potent and has a higher bioavailable when it comes to Uridine compared to Uridine Monophosphate.
Both supplements have the same effects and can take anywhere from 1 to 3 hours to kick in.
Utsukushii says that he just recently bought Triacetyluridine and has been getting really great results but is curious to know if stacking it with anti-depressants is a bad idea.
He then goes on to say that after taking Triacetyluridine his memory is much sharper and his mood has improved quite a bit.
He then finishes off by asking the following question:
"My question is would combining my daily anti depressants be a bad idea?"
Triacetyluridin, when converted in the body, has a direct impact on serotonin and dopamine (so would make sense why he is asking this question.)
Utsukushii doesn't get any definitive answer from people in the thead, so I'll try to answer it here:
A good rule of thumb is to NEVER combine nootropics with SSRI's unless your doctor says otherwise. Do NOT play around with your brain chemistry.
Interesting enough he is talking about Triacetyluridine and smoking.
He starts off by saying how he never though that he would quit smoking. He goes on to say the following:
"I was ruining my lungs and I was having so much trouble breathing. I had tried everything."
He then came across Triacetyluridine.
He took 25mg/day every morning and noticed how he could bear working with only 1 cigarette break.
U/srubek tried vaping but compared to Triacetyluridine (TAU), TAU never left him wanting cigarettes.
The then states the following:
"I was amazed. I still am, tbh. 1.5 years cigarette-free, and healthy af"
He then goes on to say that people from work have made comments about his skin quality (asking what he did).
"I appeared shiny, smooth, clear, healthy."
The thread is extremely detailed so if you're thinking about quitting smoking I can highly recommend reading the entire thread here (U/srubek is going into much more details).
Where Can I Buy Triacetyluridine?
You can find Triacetyluridine on most Nootropic websites. TAU is sold in both powder form and capsules.
I only buy from one vendor which is called; NootropicsDepot. The reason being they lab test their products to ensure high quality and purity.
They also have a lot of reviews from verified buyers which is always a good thing.
Primavie Shilajit is a natural occurring compound found in the Himalayas. Shilajit is known to boost energy and testosterone levels.
Hey Guys!
If you've been in the Nootropic-space for some time you should know by now what Primavie Shilajit is.
If you don't, or you just simply want to find out more information about it, then this article is for you.
The information I share in this article will be based on my own personal experience and what the science says.
I will also try to see if I can find some anecdotes from people on Reddit to give a more nuanced picture of the benefits and side-effects that people are experiencing when taking Primavie.
Here are some of the topics I will be covering in today's article:
What is Primavie Shilajit?
How does it work?
How do you take it and how much should you take?
What are the benefits and side-effects?
What are people on Reddit saying about it?
Where can I buy it?
...... So without further ado, let's just jump straight to it!
What Is Primavie Shilajit & How Does It Work?
Primavie Shilajit is traditionally considered to be a divine medicine. It has been used for centuries in ancient cultures as a herbal for healing and vitality.
Due to its profound adaptogenic health benefits, and anti-aging powers, we have discovered (just recently) by combining this ancient knowledge with modern science that it derives its benefits by enhancing the upregulation of the collagen genes in our skeletal muscles.
This is why we can see that consumption Primavie Shilajit improves blood flow to the skin, testosterone levels in men, increases energy levels as well as supporting bone health.
I will talk more about the benefits later on in this article. But for now, let's just continue with some more background information.
Shilajit is a naturally occurring resin. A resin is just a solid substance from a plant.
It is found high in the Himalayan mountains as an organic substance containing a mixture of fulvic acid, minerals and other organic minerals.
It is then extracted and turned into an extraordinary Himalayan superfood and sold as Primavie Shilajit.
As I briefly stated above, Primavie Shilajit contains A LOT of different organic minerals. All of these minerals play a crucial role when it comes to improving our overall health.
Interesting enough it also has a profound effect on testosterone levels which I find fascinating.
I came across a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study where they measured the effects that Primavie Shilajit has on testosterone levels.
In the experiment they used purified Shilajit in healthy volunteers of age between 45 and 55 years.
What they found was that a treatment with Shilajit for 90 days in total, revealed that it has a significant effect on testosterone levels.
It increased total testosterone, free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) compared with placebo.
As I have already alluded to earlier Primavie Shilajit has a lot of benefits. I will list the benefits right below which will be a combination of what I could find in the literature as well as from my own experience.
The most commonly reported benefits are:
Improved sleep quality
Increased testosterone levels
Improved energy levels
Improved mood
Enhanced cognition (better focus, more alertness and mental energy)
In terms of side-effects I couldn't really find any conclusive evidence/anecdotes that found anything noteworthy.
My Personal Experience With Primavie Shilajit
I can definitely attest to the cognitive benefits that people are reporting experiencing when taking Primavie Shilajit.
Although it's only been 9 days one of the things that I noticed almost instantly (could be placebo though?) is the effect it has on my mood.
I think it's safe to say that I'm a person that tends to be on the more 'neurotic side' of the spectrum (dealing with social anxiety etc.).
What I have found is not that Primavie Shilajit has a 'calming effect' on me per se but it gives me the mental and physical energy to get stuff done.
It's hard to describe but I feel like it gives me a subtle drive and groundedness to make things happen as well as an overall sense of well-being which especially has helped me out at social events.
The benefits I experience taking Primavie Shiljit is very similar to the benefits I get on Ashwagandha.
So to summarize, here's the benefits I personally have experienced taking Primavie Shiljit
I have way more mental energy (I can think clearly and my memory has improved)
I feel a subtle 'groundedness' that has been EXTREMELY useful in social situations (dealing with social anxiety)
I have noticed positive improvements in terms of mental- and physical energy (I want to make things happen)
I feel less fatigued at the end of the day
In terms of fatigue, one thing that I have noticed is that I'm not mentally exhausted in the evening anymore.
This is the benefit that actually has been the most noticable.
I work a 9-5 job and will usually be exhausted by the time I get home. To put this into perspective I usually try to write an article for Nootropicology early in the morning because I know writing in the evening is a no-go for me.
After taking Primavie Shiljit I have actually changed my schedule. I now only write in the evening which is a HUGE deal for me.
Keep in mind I have only used it for 9 days so the benefits I have experienced thus far could just be a placebo effect, but whocares if it works, right :-)?!
Primavie Shilajit And Weight Training
Since I don't really work out anymore I can't give you guys an in-depth insight to the effects it has on weight training.
That being said, I did find a couple of YouTube videos with people who are doing weight training and using Primavie Shilajit.
The first video I could find is from a guy named; Tiger Fitness. He almost has 400k subscribers.
Here's what he's saying about Primavie Shilajit its effects on training, testosterone and libido:
Another guy called; The Nootropic Republic is sharing his own experience with Primavie Shilajit here:
The Nootropic Republic is basically saying how great of an impact Primavie has had on his exercise performance.
He then goes on to say that it has been shown to help you lift more in the gym. Whether you want to improve your bench, squat, deadlift etc. Primavie can have a beneficial effect on those goals.
He then goes on to say that he personally can notice a difference in his lift as well as feeling more powerful or 'dynamic' as he puts it.
He finishes off by saying that his recovery in the gym is shorter and how Primavie has helped improve his muscle density and muscle strength.
I would imagine that Primavie could help with the pump as well since it's proven to increase blood flow to the muscle (one of you guys would have to test that out for yourself and report back to me).
A question I often see on forums is; What does Primavie Shilajit taste like? First off, it's important to note that there are different grades of this compound.
Typically the darker powders are stronger in flavor with a somewhat 'earthy' bitter taste.
The powder I bought doesn't have that strong of a taste. That being said it does taste a little weird, but it's something you get used to.
This might not sound appealing for most of you guys but whocares, it's a 'superfood' so I just chug it down.
The way you take Primavie Shilajit is by blending it into hot drinks, shake or just put it in a glass of water and chug it down.
That being said, Primavie Shilajit is traditionally consumed with raw milk in parts of North India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
For those of you who don't enjoy the taste of the powder Primavie Shilajit can be consumed as capsules as well.
What's The Right Dosage?
As is the case with most Nootropics and supplements the dose you should take really comes down to your personal goals, body weight and tolerance.
That being said from the information I could find online prior to buying it, a regular dose is 250 mg once a day which is equivalent to 1 capsule if you buy Primavie Shilajit from NootropicsDepot.
I personally started out with 125mg (half a capsule) to measure any potential side-effects. I didn't notice anything and gradually increased my daily intake to 2 capsules (500mg) which seems to be the sweet-spot for me.
It's impossible to overdose on this mineral powder and it is known to be safe, to consume over a long period of time.
It should, however, be avoided when pregnant and it's always a good idea to get the advice of your healthcare provider when taking any supplement.
Where Can I Buy It?
Since Primavie Shilajit is a natural compound you can find it pretty much anywhere on the internet.
It comes in both powder form and capsules.
I only have experience buying Nootropics from Science.bio. The reason being they lab test their products to ensure that each batch is high in quality and purity.
I live in Europe and it took 9 business days to arrive using the standard shipping method.
What Do People On Reddit Say About Primavie Shilajit?
I came across a couple of interesting threads on Reddit. One in particular caught my eyes.
I thought it would be a good idea for me to share everything here. Hopefully you guys, like me, get some value out of this.
He starts off his thead by stating that Primavie Shilajit is NOT some snake oil.
Bobz216 then goes into his own personal experience with the mineral. The first thing he has noticed after taking Primavie Shilajit for a couple of days is the boost in cognition. He says:
"I have been taking shilajit for a couple days now, and notice an immense boost in my cognition and energy.."
Bobz216 has bought his Primavie Shilajit from NootropicsDepot which is purified (it doesn't put him in risk of heavy-metal poisening).
Interesting enough he also talks briefly about its altering effects;
"This substance exhibits strong subjective feelings and a sense of altered consciousness..."
Like myself, Bobz216 has noticed his lethargy is reduced greatly and energy is increased. He also states that the energy he gets from Primavie Shilajit feels 'natural' unlike caffeine etc.
Bobz216 also notices the effects on his libido or as he puts it:
"My sex drive, which has been an issue for me in the past thanks to PSSD from Lexapro, seems to have increased greatly as well. "
He then goes on to say that he feels more 'in the moment' when he has sex as well as lasting longer.
Bobz216 states that he has OCD and how effective Primavie Shilajit has been on his logical thinking. He finds his inner voice to be 'clearer' and is able to differentiate between obsessive and rational thoughts.
He finishes off by saying that he bought Primavie Shilajit not under the impression that it was going to exhibit any psychoactive effects (he bought it for the purported sexual effects) but was pleasantly surprised by the mental benefits he experienced on it.
In Conclusion
Primavie Shilajit is a natural occurring herb found in the Himalayas.
Shilajit is known to boost energy and testosterone levels as well as libido.
People are reporting increased energy levels, better focus, more clearity and vitality consuming it with no side effects.
From my own experience I can attest to the fact that Primavie Shilajit has had a profound effect on my mental health.
I have experienced more mental- and physical energy. A subtle groundedness that has been extremely beneficial in social situations.
Primavie Shilajit is legal and can be bought from most Nootropic Vendors online.
We often come across questions from people asking what the best stack is for sulbutiamine use and also the best dosage to use.
This article is going to cover some of the most common sulbutiamine stacks, dosages, and effects. It will also give some information about Sulbutiamine's exact mechanism of action in relation to dopamine levels in the brain.
What Is Sulbutiamine?
Sulbutiamine is a synthetic intermediate for the synthesis of theophylline but with an appropriate side chain attached to it, which is therefore a kind of prodrug, one that delivers the active ingredients to the body at low concentrations when consumed as a dietary supplement and then metabolizes into these active ingredients elsewhere.
Sulbutiamine exerts its effects as a selective and very strong antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In the brain, NMDA receptors are primarily found in the basal ganglia and cortex.
They control brain activity, including movement, perception, cognition, learning, memory and emotions linked with impulse control especially aggression. Increased activity in these areas leads to the creation of these often undesirable impulses/feelings/thoughts etc.
That is why sulbutiamine is purported to be an anti-aggressive drug. As we will see, it does have significant mood-enhancing capabilities.
How Sulbutiamine Works in The Brain
The way sulbutiamine works is by blocking the NMDA receptors in the brain. It stops the signals from getting into your brain which causes a calming effect. This blocking process decreases anxiety and also increases dopamine levels which we will discuss in more detail later in this article.
Neurotransmitters are substances that carry messages from one neuron to another across a small space, called a synapse. When these messages reach their destination they are taken up by tiny sacs called vesicles, which then release them into the gap between neurons (the synaptic cleft).
The messages which are sent from neuron to neuron are called neurotransmitters and there are a vast array of these, all with different roles and effects. Some examples include serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), etc.
These neurotransmitters can affect the perception of a feeling or even initiate it. For example, dopamine is known to be released in anticipation for an event that you're looking forward to such as receiving some money or experiencing a pleasurable activity. Dopamine is used for creating feelings of happiness and pleasure.
Sulbutiamine and Dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which is involved in the creation of feelings of pleasure and well being. It's also a neurotransmitter which can also promote addiction to drugs such as cocaine and nicotine, which in combination with stimulant drugs such as cocaine or speed causes 'methamphetamine like' effects such as increased mental focus and energy, feelings of euphoria, increased productivity, stamina/strength like you've never seen before, heightened self confidence/self esteem.
So what the heck is happening here? Well it's actually far more simple than you'd think because sulbutiamine increases dopamine levels. It does so in a different way to amphetamines and other dopaminergic drugs; it increases dopamine levels in a non-addictive way (this is the beauty of sulbutiamine).
Scientists have discovered that amphetamines and other dopaminergic drugs act on neurons where dopamine has been released by sending an inhibitory signal back up to the brain via dopamine D1 receptors.
I know this is all starting to sound like science jargon, but just bear with me for a second. The effects of sulbutiamine on your mood and productivity are brought on through an increase in dopamine levels. Sulbutiamine also causes an increase of glutamate, which enhances communication between nerves.
Sulbutiamine and Serotonin
There is also some evidence that shows that sulbutiamine increases serotonergic activity which could explain why it has mental enhancing effects, particularly for depression.
Sulbutiamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine:
The sulbutiamine research team also found that this chemical has a significant effect on norepinephrine (noradrenaline) levels in the brain. They found that its ability to increase norepinephrine levels was comparable to the effect of stimulating norepinephrine neurons with serotonin or dopamine.
The Best Sulbutiamine Stack
There are many sulbutiamine reviews online which claim that combining it with other nootropics can have an even more enhanced effect. In fact the Japanese government approved sulbutiamine for use in conjunction with other nootropics to enhance learning and memory.
So what is the best Sulbutiamine stack? Some users recommend stacking it with Racetam nootropics such as Piracetam, Aniracetam or Oxiracetam.
I would recommend checking out the Sulbutiamine & Nootropic stacks page as there are stacks for every type of person including beginners and advanced users. You can find out how to take the best Sulbutiamine stack here.
Racetams hold a special place as some of the most well-known and widely used cognitive enhancers. Among these, Aniracetam and Piracetam stand out as popular choices for those seeking to boost their mental performance. This comprehensive comparison aims to explore the similarities and differences between these two compounds, providing valuable insights for both newcomers and experienced nootropic users.
What Are Aniracetam and Piracetam?
Aniracetam and Piracetam are both synthetic compounds belonging to the racetam family of nootropics. Piracetam, developed in the 1960s, is considered the prototypical racetam and has been extensively studied. Aniracetam, introduced later, is often described as a more potent derivative of Piracetam.[1]
Origins and Development
Piracetam was first synthesized by Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea in 1964 and is considered the first nootropic drug. Its development led to the coining of the term "nootropic" itself. Aniracetam, on the other hand, was developed in the 1970s by Hoffmann-La Roche as a potential treatment for cognitive disorders. Both compounds have since been studied for various cognitive and neurological applications.
Chemical Structure and Properties
While both Aniracetam and Piracetam share the pyrrolidone nucleus characteristic of racetams, their chemical structures differ significantly. Piracetam has a simpler structure, while Aniracetam features an anisoyl group, which contributes to its lipophilic nature. This structural difference influences their absorption, distribution, and overall effects in the body.[2]
How Do Aniracetam and Piracetam Work?
Understanding the mechanisms of action of Aniracetam and Piracetam is crucial for appreciating their effects and potential benefits. While they share some similarities in their modes of action, there are notable differences that contribute to their unique profiles.
Mechanisms of Action
Piracetam's primary mechanism of action involves modulating ion channels and enhancing membrane fluidity in neurons. It also increases cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Aniracetam, in addition to these effects, has been shown to modulate AMPA receptors, potentially leading to faster and more efficient synaptic transmission.
Effects on Neurotransmitters
Both compounds influence neurotransmitter systems, but Aniracetam appears to have a more pronounced effect on certain neurotransmitters. Aniracetam has been shown to increase the release of dopamine and serotonin in specific brain regions, which may contribute to its reported anxiolytic and mood-enhancing effects. Piracetam primarily enhances acetylcholine function and may indirectly influence other neurotransmitter systems.
Cognitive Effects and Benefits
The cognitive effects of Aniracetam and Piracetam are a primary reason for their popularity among nootropic users. While both compounds are used to enhance cognitive function, they may offer slightly different benefits.
Memory Enhancement
Both Aniracetam and Piracetam have been studied for their potential to improve memory. Piracetam has shown benefits in various aspects of memory, particularly in older adults or those with cognitive impairment. Aniracetam, while less extensively studied, has demonstrated potential in improving both short-term and long-term memory in animal studies and shows promise in preventing the accumulation of Amyloid-β Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease in human studies. Some users report that Aniracetam's effects on memory feel more pronounced, possibly due to its modulation of AMPA receptors.[3]
Focus and Attention
User reports suggest that Aniracetam may have a slight edge. Its effects on dopamine release and AMPA receptor modulation may contribute to enhanced focus and attentiveness. Piracetam users often report improvements in sustained attention, but the effects may be more subtle compared to Aniracetam.
Anxiety and Mood
Aniracetam stands out for its potential anxiolytic and mood-enhancing effects. Some users report feeling more sociable and experiencing reduced anxiety when taking Aniracetam. Piracetam, while not primarily known for mood effects, may indirectly improve mood by enhancing overall cognitive function and reducing cognitive decline-related frustration in some individuals.
Dosage and Administration
Proper dosing is crucial for maximizing the benefits of both Aniracetam and Piracetam while minimizing potential side effects. The optimal dosage can vary depending on individual factors and desired effects.
Recommended Dosages
Piracetam is typically taken in higher doses compared to Aniracetam. A common dosage range for Piracetam is 1,200-4,800 mg per day, often divided into two or three doses. For Aniracetam, the typical dosage range is 750-1,500 mg per day, also often divided into two or three doses. It's important to note that these are general guidelines, and individual responses may vary.
Absorption and Bioavailability
Aniracetam is fat-soluble and is typically taken with a source of dietary fat to enhance absorption. It has a shorter half-life compared to Piracetam, which may necessitate more frequent dosing for sustained effects. Piracetam is water-soluble and can be taken with or without food. Its longer half-life allows for less frequent dosing in some cases.
Side Effects and Safety Profile
Both Aniracetam and Piracetam are generally considered to have good safety profiles when used as directed. However, like all supplements, they can potentially cause side effects in some individuals.
Common Side Effects
The most commonly reported side effects for both compounds include headaches, gastrointestinal discomfort, and nervousness. Headaches are often attributed to increased acetylcholine activity and may be mitigated by concurrent choline supplementation. Aniracetam users occasionally report fatigue or brain fog, particularly at higher doses.
Long-term Safety
Piracetam has been more extensively studied for long-term use and is generally considered safe for extended periods. Less data is available on the long-term safety of Aniracetam, but current evidence suggests it is well-tolerated. As with any nootropic, cycling and taking occasional breaks is often recommended to prevent tolerance and assess ongoing effects.
User Experiences and Anecdotal Reports
While scientific studies provide valuable information, user experiences and anecdotal reports offer insights into the subjective effects of these compounds. It's important to approach these reports with a critical mindset, as individual experiences can vary widely.
Aniracetam User Reports
Many Aniracetam users report experiencing enhanced verbal fluency, creativity, and social ease. Some describe a noticeable mood lift and reduced anxiety. The onset of effects is often described as more rapid compared to Piracetam, with some users feeling the effects within an hour of ingestion.
Piracetam User Reports
Piracetam users often report more subtle, gradual improvements in cognitive function. Common themes include better memory recall, improved focus during long work sessions, and enhanced ability to grasp complex concepts. Some users report that the full benefits of Piracetam become apparent only after several weeks of consistent use.
My Personal Experience with Aniracetam and Piracetam
In my experience with both Aniracetam and Piracetam, I've noticed distinct differences in their effects and how they integrate into my cognitive enhancement regimen. With Aniracetam, I experienced a more noticeable acute effect, particularly in terms of verbal fluency and creative thinking. I found it particularly useful for tasks requiring quick thinking and articulation, such as presentations or brainstorming sessions.
Piracetam, on the other hand, provided a more subtle but persistent improvement in my overall cognitive function. I noticed enhanced memory recall and an improved ability to concentrate on complex tasks for extended periods. The effects of Piracetam seemed to build up over time, becoming more pronounced after a few weeks of consistent use.
In terms of mood and anxiety, I found Aniracetam to have a more pronounced effect. It seemed to take the edge off social anxiety and made me feel more at ease in social situations. Piracetam didn't have as noticeable an effect on my mood, but I did feel a general sense of improved mental clarity and reduced cognitive fatigue.
Stacking and Synergies
Many users choose to combine Aniracetam or Piracetam with other nootropics to enhance their effects or address specific cognitive goals. Understanding potential synergies can help in creating effective nootropic stacks.
Choline Supplementation
Both Aniracetam and Piracetam are often stacked with a choline source, such as alpha-GPC or citicoline. This combination can enhance the effects of the racetams and potentially reduce the likelihood of headaches. The cholinergic effects of racetams may deplete acetylcholine levels, and supplementing with choline can help maintain optimal levels.
Complementary Nootropics
Aniracetam is sometimes stacked with anxiolytic compounds like L-Theanine to enhance its calming effects. It may also be combined with other racetams for a synergistic cognitive boost. Piracetam is often stacked with other neuroprotective compounds or cognitive enhancers like Bacopa Monnieri or Lion's Mane Mushroom for comprehensive cognitive support.
Legal Status and Availability
The legal status of Aniracetam and Piracetam varies by country and region, which can affect their availability and use.
Regulatory Status
In the United States, both Aniracetam and Piracetam are not approved by the FDA for medical use and are not dietary supplements. They fall into a regulatory gray area and are often sold as research chemicals. In some European countries, Piracetam is available as a prescription medication for certain cognitive disorders. Aniracetam has prescription status in a few countries but is unregulated in many others.
Purchasing and Quality Considerations
Due to their regulatory status, obtaining high-quality Aniracetam and Piracetam can be challenging. It's crucial to purchase from reputable vendors who provide third-party testing results to ensure purity and potency. Users should be aware of the legal implications in their region before purchasing or using these compounds.
Conclusion: Choosing Between Aniracetam and Piracetam
Deciding between Aniracetam and Piracetam depends on individual goals, preferences, and responses to these compounds. Both play significant roles in the central nervous system and have been subjects of numerous studies in humans and animals.
Here are some key considerations when comparing Aniracetam vs Piracetam:
Onset and Duration: Aniracetam tends to have a more rapid onset but shorter duration, while Piracetam's effects are more gradual but longer-lasting. This difference can impact their efficacy in supporting learning, memory formation, and overall cognition.
Specific Cognitive Benefits: Aniracetam may be preferable for those seeking improvements in verbal fluency and creative thinking, while Piracetam might be better for general cognitive enhancement and memory support. Both have shown potential in addressing memory loss and improving alertness in various trials.
Mechanism of Action: Aniracetam acts as a modulator of glutamate receptors, particularly AMPA receptors, which may contribute to its effects on memory and learning. Piracetam's mechanism is less specific but involves changes in membrane fluidity and neurotransmitter function.
Mood and Anxiety: If anxiety reduction is a goal, Aniracetam might be the better choice due to its reported anxiolytic effects. Studies in both humans and animals have shown promising results in this area.
Dosing Convenience: Piracetam's longer half-life may allow for less frequent dosing, which some users find more convenient. The optimal number of doses per day can vary between the two compounds.
Research Background: Piracetam has a longer history of research and use, which may be reassuring for those concerned about long-term safety and efficacy. It has been studied extensively in the context of cognitive decline and dementia.
Individual Response: Ultimately, personal experience is crucial. Some individuals may respond better to one compound over the other. The process of finding the right nootropic often involves careful self-observation and adjustment.
Availability and Forms: Both Aniracetam and Piracetam are available in various forms, including Aniracetam powder and Piracetam tablets (sometimes sold under the brand name Nootropil). The choice of form can affect absorption and convenience of use.
Comparison with Other Racetams: When considering Aniracetam and Piracetam, it's worth noting their relation to other racetams like Oxiracetam, Nefiracetam, and Phenylpiracetam. Each of these compounds has its unique profile of effects and potential benefits.
Noopept Consideration: Although not a racetam, Noopept is often compared to Aniracetam and Piracetam due to its similar cognitive-enhancing effects. Some users find it to be a potent alternative to traditional racetams.
Stacking Potential: Both Aniracetam and Piracetam can be used in nootropic stacks. Some users experiment with combinations like Aniracetam and Phenylpiracetam or Piracetam and Aniracetam to achieve synergistic effects.
Safety and Risks: While both compounds are generally considered safe when used as directed, it's important to be aware of potential risks and side effects. Long-term studies on large groups of people are limited, particularly for Aniracetam.
Cognitive Decline and Amnesia: Both Piracetam and Aniracetam have been studied for their potential in addressing cognitive decline and various forms of amnesia, with Piracetam having more extensive research in this area.
Learning and Study Aid: Many students and professionals use these compounds to support learning and enhance study efficiency. The choice between Aniracetam vs Piracetam in this context often comes down to individual response and specific cognitive demands.
Both Aniracetam and Piracetam offer potential cognitive benefits, and some users even choose to use both in their nootropic regimen, either alternating or combining them. As with any nootropic, it's advisable to start with lower doses, carefully monitor effects, and consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications.
The world of nootropics is vast and complex, and Aniracetam and Piracetam represent just two options among many. By understanding their similarities, differences, and potential effects, users can make informed decisions about incorporating these racetams into their cognitive enhancement strategies. Whether choosing Aniracetam vs Piracetam, combining them, or exploring other options like Phenylpiracetam or Noopept, the key is to approach nootropic use with careful consideration of individual needs, goals, and responses.
Phenibut is a dietary supplement derived from GABA. It was developed in the 1960s in Russia and used to treat a variety of conditions including anxiety, stress, depression, PTSD, insomnia and epilepsy.
Like other nootropics, Phenibut has been used by students and professionals to improve cognitive function. Many people believe that it enhances motivation and memory recall.
Most nootropic users are aware of the benefits of Phenibut as a supplement. They are less aware of its legality. So is Phenibut legal in the US? Let's find out.
Legality of Phenibut In The United States
The dietary supplement industry is a lucrative one, with an annual growth rate of 6%. In 2013, the US supplement industry had a market size of $47 billion and with the increased popularity of nootropics such as Phenibut, its profitability is likely to rise.
However, in the US, the sale and manufacture of dietary supplements with new active ingredients is regulated by the FDA. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) did away with the need for premarket approval for dietary supplements and classified them as food items.
The FDA has three mechanisms to control unapproved or illegal compounds in dietary supplements:
Traditionally, Phenibut was not manufactured and sold in the US because it is a modified version of GABA. But recently Phenibut has become more popular than ever before with many people believing that it enhances cognition and memory.
This popularity has led to an increased number of online retailers offering this supplement for sale in capsules and powder form.
How Does the FDA Enforce Its Ban
The agency has limited resources at its disposal so they usually inform online retailers about the regulation that they are flouting. If these retailers continue selling unapproved compounds, then they could be served cease-and-desist letters by the agency, or face civil penalties of up to $132,500 per violation.
Based on this, Phenibut is not illegal in the US as it is not listed in the FDA's rules for banned substances. This, however, doesn't mean that its sale and purchase is legal.
Phenibut is not approved by the FDA as a drug. In fact, it has no recognized therapeutic uses, so any online retailer that sells Phenibut for medicinal reasons could be in violation of federal law.
In addition to this, Phenibut was originally developed in Russia for astronauts and cosmonauts to reduce their anxiety levels. Several case studies have shown that taking Phenibut can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia and irritability. Therefore, the FDA believes that this supplement can be addictive.
If you are planning to buy or sell Phenibut then you need to consider if they have been approved by the FDA before doing so. By doing so you will avoid any legal issues with the agency and ensure your safety while avoiding any potential dangers associated with unapproved compounds in dietary supplements.
Phenibut Falls Under A Gray Area
Phenibut is not officially legal in the US. However, it is not illegal either. The supplement falls under a gray area as its sale and purchase are not banned by federal law.
Despite this, there have been cases where online retailers have been punished for selling Phenibut for medicinal purposes without FDA approval. Furthermore, no clinical studies about the effectiveness of Phenibut as a nootropic have been conducted in the US so far.
Therefore, if you are looking to buy this supplement, then stick with reputable online retailers who sell approved compounds only. You should always check the label for confirmation of quality and origin before you buy Phenibut pills or powder from an unauthorized retailer.
