Thursday, 25 December 2025

8 Best Nootropics For Flow State In 2026

best-nootropics-for-flow-state

In this article, I'll look at the 8 best nootropics to achieve flow state. I'll cover the potential risks and side effects you may run into and the benefits you can expect.

A flow state is a state of peak mental performance and increased creativity. It is a euphoric feeling that can help you achieve more in less time. Many people use nootropics to achieve this state, but choosing the right ones is important.

So today, I'll look at the 8 best nootropics to achieve a flow state. These supplements have been carefully selected based on their ability to increase focus, improve cognitive performance, and enhance creativity.

So without further ado, let's dive in.

The 8 best nootropics for flow state, according to scientific evidence, are:

  • Mind Lab Pro
  • Modafinil
  • Armodafinil
  • L-Theanine
  • L-Theanine + Caffeine Stack
  • Bacopa Monnieri
  • N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT)
  • Maritime Pine Bark Extract

1. Mind Lab Pro

Mind Lab Pro is a nootropic blend. It contains 11 well-researched ingredients designed to increase focus, improve cognitive performance, and help you achieve a flow state.

The nootropic ingredients in this blend are:

  • Citicoline
  • Phosphatidylserine (PS)
  • Bacopa Monnieri
  • Organic Lion’s Mane Mushroom
  • Maritime Pine Bark Extract
  • L-Tyrosine
  • L-Theanine
  • Rhodiola Rosea
  • Vitamin B6
  • Vitamin B9
  • Vitamin B12

Citicoline is especially interesting as it helps increase the production of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter connected to improved focus and concentration. When the ACh level is increased, your brain can work faster and better.[1]

This can help you reach a flow state more quickly and sustain it for longer. Mind Lab Pro also contains natural ingredients that can help reduce stress, improve mood and focus, and enhance creativity.

Mind Lab Pros

  • It contains 11 high-quality, powerful nootropic ingredients
  • Supports cognitive and brain performance in numerous ways
  • It helps improve memory and concentration
  • It doesn't contain caffeine
  • Affordable price point
  • Perfect for people who want to achieve flow state

Mind Lab Pro Cons

  • Shipping can take up to 2 weeks

Mind Lab Pro in Summary

Mind Lab Pro is a great choice for those looking to achieve a flow state. It contains 11 high-quality, powerful nootropic ingredients that have been scientifically proven to improve cognitive and brain performance in numerous ways. Additionally, it helps improve memory and concentration without containing any caffeine.

2. Modafinil

Modafinil (Provigil) is a eugeroic drug, meaning that it is designed to promote wakefulness. It helps improve alertness and focus, making it a great choice for those looking to achieve a flow state. Modafinil has been studied extensively, and numerous clinical trials show its effectiveness in improving mental performance.[2]

Modafinil increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and orexin levels in the brain. This increases alertness, focus, and concentration, allowing you to stay on task for longer. This is ideal for achieving a flow state.[3]

It's a nootropic that has been proven effective and safe but has minor side effects, such as headaches, nausea, and anxiety. It's also a prescription drug, so you'll need to get it from your doctor.

Modafinil Pros

  • It increases alertness and focus
  • It has been studied extensively
  • It is proven safe and effective

Modafinil Cons

  • Prescription drug only

Modafinil in Summary

Modafinil is a wakeful-promoting drug that is designed to increase alertness and focus. It has been studied extensively, and numerous clinical trials have proven its effectiveness in improving mental performance. Modafinil increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and orexin levels in the brain, which helps you stay on task for longer.

3. Armodafinil

Armodafinil (Nuvigil) is the enantiopure compound of Modafinil, meaning that it is the single-enantiomer form of Modafinil. It has similar effects on the brain as Modafinil but has a longer half-life, meaning it can stay active in the body for longer.

It is also considered more potent than Modafinil, meaning that you need smaller doses to achieve similar effects. Similarly to Modafinil, Armodafinil works by stimulating orexin neurons, increasing alertness and focus. This helps you reach a flow state more quickly and sustain it for longer periods.

Unlike traditional stimulants, Armodafinil doesn't cause jitteriness or anxiety. This also means you won't experience crash effects when the smart drug wears off.

Armodafinil Pros

  • Longer half-life than Modafinil
  • More potent than Modafinil
  • It doesn't cause jitteriness or anxiety
  • No calm downs

Armodafinil Cons

  • Prescription Drug only

Armodafinil in Summary

Armodafinil is the single-enantiomer form of Modafinil and is considered to be more potent than Modafinil. It has a longer half-life, which means it can stay active in the body for longer periods. Armodafinil stimulates orexin neurons, increasing alertness and focus, allowing you to reach and sustain a flow state.

4. L-Theanine

L-Theanine is an amino acid found in green tea and some mushrooms. It is a nootropic that has been scientifically studied for its ability to reduce stress and anxiety, improve focus, and promote relaxation.[4]

It works by increasing levels of GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters. This helps reduce stress levels and improve concentration, allowing you to reach and maintain a flow state.

L-Theanine has also been shown to significantly increase activity in the alpha frequency band, which indicates that it relaxes the mind without inducing drowsiness. This makes it an ideal nootropic to take when aiming for a flow state.[5]

L-Theanine Pros

  • It reduces stress and anxiety
  • Improves focus and concentration
  • Boosts alpha brain waves associated with creativity and flow
  • No crash effects

L-Theanine Cons

  • Not as effective for all people

L-Theanine in Summary

L-Theanine is an amino acid found in green tea. It has been studied for its ability to reduce stress and anxiety, improve focus, and promote relaxation. It works by increasing levels of GABA, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters. This helps you stay relaxed while still being able to maintain a flow state.

5. L-Theanine + Caffeine Stack

L-Theanine is an effective nootropic for reaching and sustaining a flow state on its own, but it really shines when stacked (combined) with Caffeine. A study has shown that combining the two helps focus, concentration, and alertness while also reducing the jitteriness and anxiety often associated with Caffeine.[6]

Caffeine works by blocking the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine, thus increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, thus improving focus and concentration. It also helps increase alertness and wakefulness, allowing you to reach a flow state more quickly and sustain it for longer periods.

L-Theanine helps balance out Caffeine's stimulating effects by reducing anxiety and jitteriness while still providing the focused energy of Caffeine. This allows you to stay awake and alert while still being relaxed and focused.

The L-Theanine + Caffeine stack is an incredibly powerful combination for reaching a flow state, allowing you to stay alert and productive without the side effects of jitteriness or anxiety.

L-Theanine + Caffeine Pros

  • Increases focus and concentration
  • Increases alertness and wakefulness
  • Reduces jitteriness and anxiety

L-Theanine + Caffeine Cons

  • It can interfere with sleep if consumed too late in the day

L-Theanine + Caffeine in Summary

The combination of L-Theanine and Caffeine is an incredibly powerful nootropic stack for reaching and maintaining a flow state. Caffeine increases alertness and focus, while L-Theanine reduces jitteriness and anxiety, allowing you to stay relaxed and productive without the side effects of either one in isolation.

6. Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa Monnieri is considered an adaptogen. An adaptogen is a herbal remedy that helps the body resist physical and mental stress. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries to improve memory and cognitive performance.

Regarding flow states, this nootropic has been shown to improve cognitive performance.[7] It is believed that Bacopa Monnieri helps sustain a flow state by improving concentration, focus, and attention. It also reduces anxiety and stress, allowing you to stay relaxed while still being productive.

Bacopa Monnieri Pros

  • Improves cognitive performance
  • Reduces stress and anxiety
  • Improves focus and concentration

Bacopa Monnieri Cons

  • Not as effective for all people
  • It takes some time to work (weeks or months)

Bacopa Monnieri in Summary

Bacopa Monnieri is an adaptogen used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It has been found to improve cognitive performance and reduce stress and anxiety, which makes it an effective nootropic for sustaining a flow state.

7. N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT)

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is an amino acid that helps increase neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels. These neurotransmitters are associated with alertness and wakefulness, which makes NALT a great nootropic for maintaining a flow state.[8]

NALT works by providing the body with a precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis, which helps increase their levels in the brain. It also reduces stress and anxiety, allowing you to stay focused and productive while still being relaxed.

NALT Pros

  • Increases alertness and wakefulness
  • Reduces stress and anxiety
  • Improves focus and concentration

NALT Cons

  • It can interfere with sleep if consumed too late in the day

NALT in Summary

N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is an amino acid that helps increase neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels. It works by providing the body with a precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis, which helps increase their levels in the brain.

8. Maritime Pine Bark Extract

Maritime Pine Bark Extract is an antioxidant found in the bark of the Maritime pine tree. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. More recently, it has become popular as a cognitive enhancer and nootropic.[9]

Maritime Pine Bark Extract supplies a natural complex of active proanthocyanidin nootropics that enhance antioxidant status, cerebrovascular function, and brain regeneration to promote mental clarity and long-range brain health. It also helps to reduce stress and anxiety, allowing you to stay relaxed while still being productive.

Maritime Pine Bark Extract Pros

  • Enhances antioxidant status
  • Improves cerebrovascular function
  • Reduces stress and anxiety

Maritime Pine Bark Extract Cons

  • It may cause minor gastrointestinal side effects

Maritime Pine Bark Extract in Summary

Maritime Pine Bark Extract is an antioxidant found in the bark of the Maritime pine tree. It supplies a natural complex of active proanthocyanidin nootropics that enhance antioxidant status, cerebrovascular function, and brain regeneration to promote mental clarity and long-range brain health. This makes it a great nootropic for achieving and maintaining a flow state.

What Are the Best Nootropics for Flow State?

best nootropics for flow state

The best nootropics for flow state, according to my research, are:

  1. Mind Lab Pro
  2. Modafinil
  3. Armodafinil
  4. L-Theanine
  5. L-Theanine + Caffeine Stack
  6. Bacopa Monnieri
  7. N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT)
  8. Maritime Pine Bark Extract

The list above contains a mix of natural and synthetic nootropics, all of which have been found to improve cognitive performance, reduce stress and anxiety, and increase alertness and wakefulness.

It's worth pointing out that synthetic nootropics like Modafinil and Armodafinil are prescription-only drugs, so before taking them, please consult your doctor.

Also, nootropic supplements may interact with other medications and supplements you're already taking, so it's important always to research and check with a healthcare professional before beginning any new supplement regimen.

What Are the Benefits of Nootropics for Flow State?

The benefits of using nootropics to achieve a flow state are numerous. Not only do they help improve your focus and concentration, but they also reduce stress and anxiety levels, making it easier to stay relaxed while still being productive.

Nootropics can also increase alertness and wakefulness, allowing you to enter a deep flow state more easily and quickly. The natural nootropics on my list will also enhance overall brain health and longevity, ensuring that you have the cognitive energy to stay in a flow state for extended periods of time.

If you're brand new to the jungle that is nootropics, I suggest starting with a natural nootropic blend like Mind Lab Pro as a foundation. This will give you the best chance of achieving a long-lasting flow state without encountering any significant side effects.

What Are the Side Effects of Nootropics for Flow State

The most common side effects of nootropics are typically mild headaches, nausea, gastrointestinal distress, and dizziness.

Some supplements can also cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. However, most of the nootropics on my list are generally well-tolerated by most people without any significant side effects.

That said, Modafinil has been linked to a rare skin condition called Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, so if you plan to take it, make sure to consult with a doctor first.

Final Thoughts: Do Nootropics Really Work for Flow State?

So do I personally think that nootropics can help you achieve a flow state? Absolutely.

Nootropics have been found to reduce stress and anxiety, increase alertness and wakefulness, improve focus and concentration, and enhance overall brain health – all of which are key components of a successful flow state.

The literature is clear: nootropics can help you achieve a flow state if you use them correctly. So if you're a student, entrepreneur, or creative looking to get more out of your day, give nootropics a try. I'm confident you won't be disappointed!

Good luck, and keep striving for that flow state! You got this.

References
  1. Kim, J H et al. “Acetylcholine precursor, citicoline (cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine), reduces hypoglycaemia-induced neuronal death in rats.” Journal of neuroendocrinology vol. 30,1 (2018): 10.1111/jne.12567. doi:10.1111/jne.12567
  2. Cope, Zackary A et al. “Modafinil improves attentional performance in healthy, non-sleep deprived humans at doses not inducing hyperarousal across species.” Neuropharmacology vol. 125 (2017): 254-262. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.031
  3. Gerrard, Paul, and Robert Malcolm. “Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment vol. 3,3 (2007): 349-64.
  4. Hidese, Shinsuke et al. “Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Nutrients vol. 11,10 2362. 3 Oct. 2019, doi:10.3390/nu11102362
  5. Nobre, Anna C et al. “L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state.” Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition vol. 17 Suppl 1 (2008): 167-8.
  6. Giesbrecht, T et al. “The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness.” Nutritional neuroscience vol. 13,6 (2010): 283-90. doi:10.1179/147683010X12611460764840
  7. Sukumaran, Nimisha Pulikkal et al. “Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects.” Complementary therapies in medicine vol. 44 (2019): 68-82. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.016
  8. Jongkees, Bryant J et al. “Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands--A review.” Journal of psychiatric research vol. 70 (2015): 50-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
  9. Nishioka, Kenji et al. “Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans.” Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension vol. 30,9 (2007): 775-80. doi:10.1291/hypres.30.775


source https://nootropicology.com/best-nootropics-for-flow-state/

Wednesday, 24 December 2025

8 Best Nootropics For Neuroprotection In 2026

neuroprotection-nootropics

In this article, I'll look closely at the 8 best nootropics for neuroprotection. I'll also cover the potential risks and side effects you may run into and the benefits you can expect.

Are you concerned about cognitive decline as you age? If so, you're not alone.

In fact, research shows that 40% of adults in the United States over the age of 65 have age-associated memory impairment.[1]

But there is good news. Recent studies have also shown that certain nootropics may help to protect against the brain against age-related cognitive decline, so let's take a closer look at the 8 best nootropics for neuroprotection.

The best nootropics for neuroprotection, according to scientific evidence, are:

  • NooCube
  • Alpha-GPC
  • Ginkgo Biloba
  • N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 
  • Pine Bark Extract
  • Ashwagandha
  • Rhodiola Rosea
  • Bacopa Monnieri

1. NooCube

NooCube is a nootropic blend that contains some of the most well-known and effective cognitive enhancers, including Alpha-GPC, Huperzine A, Cat's claw, and Oat straw.

Studies have shown that Alpha-GPC can help increase neurogenesis and provide protection against neuronal death and cognitive impairment.[2]

Alpha-GPC works by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in memory and learning. Acetylcholine is also known as the 'learning neurotransmitter' and is essential for healthy cognitive function.

As we age, our levels of acetylcholine tend to decrease, which can lead to age-related cognitive decline. This is one of the reasons why NooCube is so effective at protecting against cognitive decline and improving cognitive function.

NooCube also contains Huperzine A, an alkaloid that inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine.[3] By preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, Huperzine A allows levels of this important neurotransmitter to remain higher for longer.

NooCube Pros

  • Contains some of the most effective nootropics for neuroprotection
  • Improves cognitive function and protects against cognitive decline
  • Convenient capsule format
  • A synergistic blend of nootropics
  • Non-GMO, gluten-free, and vegan-friendly

NooCube Cons

  • Relatively expensive compared to other nootropic supplements

NooCube in Summary

NooCube is an excellent choice for those looking for a nootropic supplement that can help protect against cognitive decline and improve cognitive function. The blend of effective nootropics, including Alpha-GPC and Huperzine A, work together to increase levels of acetylcholine and prevent its breakdown.

2. Alpha-GPC

Alpha-GPC (L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a natural cholinergic compound that is found in the brain. Cholinergic compounds are responsible for the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in memory and learning.

Choline is an essential nutrient for the body and is needed to synthesize acetylcholine. However, the body only produces small amounts of choline, so it needs to be obtained from the diet.

Alpha-GPC is one of the most bioavailable forms of choline and can cross the blood-brain barrier. It is considered one of the most effective nootropics for neuroprotection as it has been shown to increase neurogenesis and protect against neuronal death and cognitive impairment (Tang, X C et al.).

Alpha-GPC Pros

  • Natural cholinergic compound
  • Crosses the blood-brain barrier
  • Increases neurogenesis
  • Protects against neuronal death and cognitive impairment

Alpha-GPC Cons

  • Some Alpha-GPC supplements on the market are of poor quality

Alpha-GPC in Summary

Alpha-GPC is an effective nootropic for neuroprotection as it increases neurogenesis and protects against neuronal death and cognitive impairment. It is a natural cholinergic compound that crosses the blood-brain barrier, making it one of the most bioavailable forms of choline.

3. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a herbal remedy that has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments. The Ginkgo tree leaves contain compounds that are thought to be responsible for its therapeutic effects.

Ginkgo Biloba is best known for its benefits on cognitive function and memory. It has been shown to improve blood circulation and increase oxygen uptake in the brain[4] and to protect neurons from damage.

Ginkgo Biloba is also considered an adaptogen, meaning it can help the body to cope with stress and improve resistance to stress-related diseases. In a study with 31 stroke patients, supplementing with Ginkgo improved their recovery from the disease because it decreased oxidative stress and inflammation.

The researchers also found that these effects were more pronounced in people who had high C-reactive protein levels before starting treatment - which suggests how important maintaining healthy cholesterol profiles really is.[5]

Ginkgo Biloba Pros

  • Improves blood circulation
  • Increases oxygen uptake in the brain
  • Protects neurons from damage
  • Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation

Ginkgo Biloba Cons

  • Not as well-studied as some other nootropics for neuroprotection

Ginkgo Biloba in Summary

Ginkgo Biloba is a well-known herbal remedy that has been used for centuries to treat various ailments. It is best known for its benefits on cognitive function and memory, but it is also considered an adaptogen.

Ginkgo Biloba has been shown to improve blood circulation, increase oxygen uptake in the brain, and protect neurons from damage. It is also effective at reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

4. N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 

The body has natural defenses, but these can be weakened over time due to inflammation and oxidative stress.

NAC works by restoring your body’s antioxidant glutathione levels, which helps fight off free radicals that cause cell damage and old repair existing problems like cognitive impairment.[6]

Glutathione is your body’s main line of defense against free radicals and helps repair cell damage.

Glutathione works through a few mechanisms:

  • It scavenges or disables dangerous free radicals
  • It repairs oxidative damage to DNA, enzymes, and other important molecules
  • It activates enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals
  • It boosts the function of antioxidant vitamins like vitamin C and E[7]

These effects make N-Acetyl L-Cysteine a great choice for neuroprotection.

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine Pros

  • Restores your body’s antioxidant glutathione levels
  • Fights off free radicals
  • Repairs cell damage
  • Boosts the function of antioxidant vitamins

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine Cons

  • Can be hard to find high-quality NAC

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine in Summary

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine is a great choice for neuroprotection because it helps restore your body’s antioxidant glutathione levels. Glutathione is your body’s main line of defense against free radicals and helps repair cell damage.

5. Pine Bark Extract

Pine bark extract is a natural source of proanthocyanidins, which are powerful antioxidants. Pine bark extract has been shown to improve cognitive function, memory, and attention in people who took it for 12 weeks.[8]

Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols that have been shown to have neuroprotective effects. They work by scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, and protecting neurons from damage.[9]

Pine bark extract is a good choice if you're looking for a natural neuroprotective noot.

Pine Bark Extract Pros

  • Natural source of proanthocyanidins
  • Shown to improve cognitive function, memory, and attention
  • Reduces inflammation
  • Protects neurons from damage

Pine Bark Extract Cons

  • Not as effective as synthetic nootropics

Pine Bark Extract in Summary

Pine bark extract is a good choice for neuroprotection because it is a natural source of proanthocyanidins, which are powerful antioxidants. Proanthocyanidins have been shown to scavenge free radicals, reduce inflammation, and protect neurons from damage.

6. Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is an herb that has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha has many benefits, including reducing anxiety and stress, improving memory and cognitive function, and reducing inflammation.[10]

Ashwagandha is also an adaptogen that regulates cortisol levels and nourishes the adrenal glands. The herb works directly on our body's HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis), which controls how much stress you experience in life.

Ashwagandha is a good choice for neuroprotection because it helps reduce stress and inflammation.

Ashwagandha Pros

  • Reduces anxiety and stress
  • Improves memory and cognitive function
  • Reduces inflammation
  • Regulates cortisol levels
  • Nourishes the adrenal glands

Ashwagandha Cons

  • Can take weeks or months to feel the full effects

Ashwagandha in Summary

Ashwagandha is a great option for neuroprotection because it helps reduce stress and inflammation. Ashwagandha is also an adaptogen that regulates cortisol levels and nourishes the adrenal glands, which helps reduce the amount of stress you experience in life.

7. Rhodiola Rosea

Rhodiola Rosea is an herb traditionally used for its neuroprotective effects. Studies have shown that it can help to protect the brain from damage caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity.[11]

Rhodiola Rosea has also been shown to improve cognitive function and protect against age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is thought to work by modulating the levels of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in the brain.

In addition, the presence of salidroside, rosavin, and p-tyrosol in Rhodiola Rosea are responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[12]

Rhodiola Rosea Pros

  • Protects the brain from damage
  • Improves cognitive function
  • Helps to prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases

Rhodiola Rosea Cons

  • Not as effective as synthetic nootropics

Rhodiola Rosea in Summary

Rhodiola Rosea is a good choice for neuroprotection because it has been shown to protect the brain from damage, improve cognitive function, and help prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

8. Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa Monnieri is a plant that has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. Bacopa Monnieri is known for its cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective effects[13]

Saini, Neetu et al. have shown that Bacopa Monnieri can improve memory and cognitive function in both healthy adults and those with dementia.

One reason Bacopa Monnieri is effective for neuroprotection is that it helps reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain through compounds like bacosides.

Bacosides are the mixture of different triterpenoid saponin molecules present in Bacopa Monnieri. These molecules help to protect cells from damage and improve communication between neurons.[14]

Bacopa Monnieri Pros

  • Improves memory and cognitive function
  • Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation
  • Protects cells from damage

Bacopa Monnieri Cons

  • Can take several weeks or months to notice the full effects

Bacopa Monnieri in Summary

Bacopa Monnieri is a good choice for neuroprotection because it can improve memory and cognitive function, reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and protect cells from damage.

What Are the Best Nootropics for Neuroprotection?

The best nootropics for neuroprotection are:

  1. NooCube
  2. Alpha-GPC
  3. Ginkgo Biloba
  4. N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 
  5. Pine Bark Extract
  6. Ashwagandha
  7. Rhodiola Rosea
  8. Bacopa Monnieri

Each of these nootropics has been shown to be effective for neuroprotection in studies.

NooCube is, in my opinion, the best nootropic for neuroprotection because it is a powerful and well-rounded supplement that can help to improve cognitive function, protect the brain from damage, and reduce oxidative stress.

It contains ingredients that work together to support cognitive function and protect the brain. It's also 100% natural and non-GMO.

How to Choose the Right Nootropic Supplement for Neuroprotection?

Choosing the right nootropic supplement for neuroprotection can be tricky because there are so many different products on the market.

Here are a few things to consider when choosing a neuroprotection supplement:

  • Ingredients: Ensure that the supplement contains effective ingredients for neuroprotection, like NooCube.
  • Studies: Said ingredients should be backed by science.
  • Dosage: Make sure that the dosage of each ingredient is in line with what studies have used.
  • Safety: Choose a supplement that is safe and free from side effects.
  • Price: Compare prices to find a neuroprotection supplement that is affordable for you.

Another thing to keep in mind is whether you want to stack multiple nootropics together or take a single supplement that contains all the ingredients you need.

If you stack multiple nootropics, it's important to be aware of any interaction risks. And, if you take a single supplement, be sure to check the dosage of each ingredient to avoid taking too much of any one thing.

What Are the Benefits of Nootropics for Neuroprotection?

neuroprotection nootropics

The benefits of nootropics for neuroprotection include:

  • Improving cognitive function
  • Protecting the brain from damage
  • Reducing oxidative stress
  • Inflammation
  • Cellular protection

Most nootropics have multiple benefits for neuroprotection, which is why they are such effective supplements for this purpose.

Nootropics can help improve cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain, providing the brain with nutrients, and protecting neurons from damage.

They can also reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to cognitive decline.

What Are the Side Effects of Nootropics for Neuroprotection?

The side effects of nootropics for neuroprotection are usually mild and may include:

  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety

These side effects are typically only experienced when taking high doses of nootropics or if you are sensitive to the ingredients.

If you experience any severe side effects, stop taking the supplement and speak to a doctor. Generally, nootropics are safe and well-tolerated by most people.

Do Nootropics Really Work for Neuroprotection?

Yes, nootropics can really work for neuroprotection.

The nootropics featured here have been shown to be effective in studies, and many people report positive results when taking them.

If you are looking for a way to improve cognitive function, protect your brain from damage, and reduce oxidative stress, then nootropics may be an excellent choice for you.

Final Thoughts

Do I recommend Nootropics for Neuroprotection? Yes, absolutely!

Nootropics are a powerful and well-rounded way to improve cognitive function, protect the brain from damage, and reduce oxidative stress.

If you are looking for a neuroprotection supplement, I recommend NooCube because it contains ingredients that are backed by science, and it is 100% natural and non-GMO.

I also recommend that you stack multiple nootropics together to get the most benefit for neuroprotection. Just be sure to check for any potential interactions between the supplements you take.

References
  1. Small, Gary W. “What we need to know about age related memory loss.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) vol. 324,7352 (2002): 1502-5. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7352.1502
  2. Lee, Song Hee et al. “Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment.” Brain research vol. 1654,Pt A (2017): 66-76. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.011
  3. Tang, X C et al. “Effect of huperzine A, a new cholinesterase inhibitor, on the central cholinergic system of the rat.” Journal of neuroscience research vol. 24,2 (1989): 276-85. doi:10.1002/jnr.490240220
  4. Xu, Lili et al. “Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral oxygen and glucose metabolism in elderly patients with pre-existing cerebral ischemia.” Complementary therapies in medicine vol. 23,2 (2015): 220-5. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2014.12.009
  5. Thanoon, Imad A-J et al. “Oxidative Stress and C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Cerebrovascular Accident (Ischaemic Stroke): The role of Ginkgo biloba extract.” Sultan Qaboos University medical journal vol. 12,2 (2012): 197-205. doi:10.12816/0003113
  6. Garg, Geetika et al. “N-acetyl-l-cysteine attenuates oxidative damage and neurodegeneration in rat brain during aging.” Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology vol. 96,12 (2018): 1189-1196. doi:10.1139/cjpp-2018-0209
  7. Hayden, R E et al. “The effect of glutathione and vitamins A, C, and E on acute skin flap survival.” The Laryngoscope vol. 97,10 (1987): 1176-9. doi:10.1288/00005537-198710000-00011
  8. Belcaro, G et al. “Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.” Journal of neurosurgical sciences vol. 58,4 (2014): 239-48.
  9. Chen, Hucheng et al. “Proanthocyanidins exert a neuroprotective effect via ROS/JNK signaling in MPTP‑induced Parkinson's disease models in vitro and in vivo.” Molecular medicine reports vol. 18,6 (2018): 4913-4921. doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9509
  10. Sikandan, Abudubari et al. “Ashwagandha root extract exerts anti‑inflammatory effects in HaCaT cells by inhibiting the MAPK/NF‑κB pathways and by regulating cytokines.” International journal of molecular medicine vol. 42,1 (2018): 425-434. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3608
  11. Jacob, Reenu et al. “Neuroprotective effect of Rhodiola rosea Linn against MPTP induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.” Annals of neurosciences vol. 20,2 (2013): 47-51. doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200204
  12. Nabavi, Seyed Fazel et al. “Rhodiola rosea L. and Alzheimer's Disease: From Farm to Pharmacy.” Phytotherapy research : PTR vol. 30,4 (2016): 532-9. doi:10.1002/ptr.5569
  13. Saini, Neetu et al. “Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in experimental model of dementia.” Neurochemical research vol. 37,9 (2012): 1928-37. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0811-4
  14. Banerjee, Samarpita et al. “Bacosides from Bacopa monnieri extract: An overview of the effects on neurological disorders.” Phytotherapy research : PTR vol. 35,10 (2021): 5668-5679. doi:10.1002/ptr.7203


source https://nootropicology.com/best-nootropics-for-neuroprotection/

8 Best Nootropics For The Aging Brain In 2026

nootropics-aging-brain

In this article, I'll take a closer at the 8 best nootropics for the aging brain. I'll also cover the potential risks and side effects you may run into and the benefits you can expect.

Are you concerned about the health of your aging brain?

Do you worry that cognitive decline is inevitable? Fear not, my friend! Several nootropics can help keep your brain healthy and functioning at its best.

In this article, I'll take a look at some of the best nootropics for the aging brain. So put down that Sudoku puzzle, and let's dive in!

The best nootropics for the aging brain, according to scientific evidence, are:

  • Mind Lab Pro
  • Gingko Biloba
  • Piracetam
  • Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)
  • Creatine
  • N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 
  • Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) 
  • Ashwagandha

1. Mind Lab Pro

Mind Lab Pro is a nootropics blend containing 11 ingredients that support cognitive health.

It includes well-known nootropics like Lion's Mane Mushroom, Citicoline, and Bacopa Monnieri, as well as lesser-known but equally effective ingredients like Maritime Pine Bark Extract.

Mind Lab Pro has been shown to support memory, focus, attention, and brain health in aging adults. The ingredients work synergistically to provide comprehensive support for cognitive function.

One of the ways Mind Lab Pro works for the aging brain is by supporting healthy levels of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. As we age, our levels of acetylcholine decline, which can lead to cognitive decline.

Mind Lab Pro also helps to protect the brain from oxidative stress with its antioxidant-rich ingredients. Oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to age-related cognitive decline.

Additionally, Mind Lab Pro's ingredients for brain circulation help to keep oxygen and nutrients flowing to the brain. This is important because the aging brain is less efficient at delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells.

Mind Lab Pros

  • An all-in-one nootropic blend
  • Features 11 ingredients that support cognitive health
  • Only natural ingredients
  • Keeps acetylcholine levels healthy
  • Protects the brain from oxidative stress
  • Supports brain circulation

Mind Lab Pro Cons

  • It can take some time to notice the effects
  • Pricier than some other nootropics

Mind Lab Pro in Summary

With Mind Lab Pro, you get a comprehensive nootropic blend that supports all aspects of cognitive function. It's an excellent choice for the aging brain, as it helps to keep acetylcholine levels healthy, protect against oxidative stress, and support brain circulation.

2. Gingko Biloba

Gingko Biloba, also known as maidenhair tree, is a common ingredient in nootropic supplements. It's been shown to improve cognitive function in aging adults.[1]

One of the ways it does this is by increasing blood flow to the brain. This is important because the aging brain isn't as efficient at delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells.

Gingko Biloba also has antioxidant properties, which help to protect the brain from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are one of the major contributing factors to age-related cognitive decline.[2]

Additionally, Gingko Biloba has been shown to have direct cholinergic effects, which help keep acetylcholine levels healthy.[3]

Gingko Biloba Pros

  • Shown to improve cognitive function in aging adults
  • Increases blood flow to the brain
  • Has antioxidant properties
  • Direct cholinergic effects

Gingko Biloba Cons

  • It May take a few weeks to notice the full effects

Gingko Biloba in Summary

Overall, Gingko Biloba is an excellent choice for the aging brain. It helps to increase blood flow, protect against oxidative stress, and keep acetylcholine levels healthy.

3. Piracetam

Piracetam has been found to enhance the fluidity of brain mitochondrial membranes. This, in turn, has led to the hypothesis that piracetam might improve mitochondrial function, resulting in increased ATP synthesis.[4]

The assumption has been supported by several observations showing enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced ATP production, and reduced apoptosis sensitivity in various cell and animal models for aging and Alzheimer's disease.

As a result, there is evidence that neuronal plasticity is enhanced by Piracetam. Neuronal plasticity is important for the aging brain because it helps the brain to adapt and change in response to new information and experiences.

Piracetam has also been shown to increase blood flow to the brain, which is important for cognitive function.[5]

Piracetam Pros

  • Enhances fluidity of brain mitochondrial membranes
  • Improves mitochondrial function
  • Shown to increase blood flow to the brain
  • Neuronal plasticity is enhanced

Piracetam Cons

  • It's hard to find high-quality Piracetam
  • Not sold in stores

Piracetam in Summary

Piracetam is one of the best nootropics for the aging brain. It has been shown to improve mitochondrial function, increase blood flow to the brain, and enhance neuronal plasticity.

4. Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)

ALA is a fatty acid that's found in every cell in the body. It's an important antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

ALA has been shown to improve cognitive function in aging adults and effectively slow the progression of cognitive decline.[6] ALA works by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain.

ALA has also been shown to improve blood sugar metabolism, which is important for cognitive function.[7]

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) Pros

  • Easy to find and relatively cheap
  • Shown to improve cognitive function in aging adults
  • Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation
  • Improves blood sugar metabolism

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) Cons

  • Not as effective as other nootropics like Piracetam

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) in Summary

ALA is a good choice for the aging brain. It's easy to find and relatively cheap. It has been shown to improve cognitive function in aging adults, reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve blood sugar metabolism.

5. Creatine

Creatine is commonly known in bodybuilding circles for its ability to help increase muscle mass and decrease lactate levels during exercise. However, creatine also has cognitive benefits.

The brain requires a constant supply of energy to function optimally. The mitochondria provide this energy, which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy source for cells.

As people age, their mitochondrial function declines, leading to decreased brain ATP levels and impaired cognitive function. Creatine is a molecule that can be converted into ATP, providing an alternate energy source for the brain.

In addition, creatine can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, which can help to protect neurons from damage caused by oxidative stress. Several studies have shown that creatine supplementation can improve cognitive function in older adults due to its ability to increase ATP levels and protect neurons from damage.[8]

Creatine Pros

  • The safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation have been well-studied
  • Shown to increase ATP levels and protect neurons from damage
  • Can improve cognitive function in older adults

Creatine Cons

  • Hard to get sufficient amounts from the diet alone

Creatine in Summary

When people think of creatine, they usually think of its ability to help build muscle mass. However, creatine also has cognitive benefits. It can increase ATP levels and protect neurons from damage, both of which can lead to improved cognitive function in older adults.

6. N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a precursor of L-cysteine that results in glutathione elevation biosynthesis. It acts directly as a scavenger of free radicals, especially oxygen radicals.[9]

NAC is an antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is increased in the aging brain and contributes to the pathology of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

NAC has been shown to protect neurons from death in animal models of neurodegeneration.[10] It also improves cognitive function and reduces inflammation in the brain. Thus, it may be beneficial for preventing and treating age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) Pros

  • An antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress
  • Shown to protect neurons from death in animal models of neurodegeneration
  • Improves cognitive function and reduces inflammation in the brain

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) Cons

  • Not as potent as some other antioxidants

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in Summary

N-acetyl cysteine is a great antioxidant that has been shown to protect neurons from death in animal models of neurodegeneration. It also improves cognitive function and reduces inflammation in the brain, making it a promising treatment for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

7. Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) 

Pine bark extract is a natural compound that is derived from the bark of the maritime pine tree. The extract contains several beneficial compounds, including procyanidins and phenolic acids. Pycnogenol is a patented form of pine bark extract that has been extensively studied for its health benefits.

Pycnogenol has been shown to have several beneficial effects on the brain. A 12-week study in healthy adults showed that Pycnogenol improved cognitive function and reduced oxidative stress.[11]

Oxidative stress is one of the biggest contributors to the decline in cognitive function that occurs with age. By reducing oxidative stress, Pycnogenol helps to prevent or slow down age-related cognitive decline.

Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) Pros

  • Derived from the bark of the maritime pine tree
  • Contains procyanidins and phenolic acids
  • Shown to improve cognitive function and reduce oxidative stress

Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) Cons

  • Relatively expensive

Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) in Summary

Pine bark extract is a great natural compound that has been shown to improve cognitive function and reduce oxidative stress. It is relatively expensive, but its potential benefits may be worth the cost.

8. Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is an herb that has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for centuries. The plant's root is most commonly used and has many benefits, including reducing inflammation, boosting the immune system, and improving brain function.

One of the most important benefits of Ashwagandha is its ability to improve cognitive function and memory in seniors. There are a few mechanisms by which Ashwagandha can improve brain function in aging adults.

First, Ashwagandha has been shown to have free radical scavenging activity in animal models, which means it can help protect the brain from oxidative stress.[12]

Second, Ashwagandha extract has been shown to bind to and activate GABA receptors, which may be one of the ways that it exerts its beneficial effects on neurological disorders.[13]

By activating these receptors, Ashwagandha may help to improve GABA signaling, which could lead to relief from symptoms such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, muscle spasms, and seizures.

Finally, in animal models, Ashwagandha has been shown to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. BDNF is a protein that plays an important role in the growth, development, and maintenance of neurons.[14]

Ashwagandha Pros

  • Traditionally used in Ayurveda
  • Shown to improve cognitive function and memory in seniors
  • Can help protect the brain from oxidative stress
  • Binds to and activates GABA receptors
  • Increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels

Ashwagandha Cons

  • Can be hard to find high-quality Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha in Summary

Ashwagandha is an herb that has been used traditionally in Ayurveda for centuries. It has many potential benefits, including reducing inflammation, boosting the immune system, and improving brain function. Ashwagandha may be especially beneficial for seniors, improving cognitive function and memory.

What Are the Best Nootropics for The Aging Brain?

The best nootropics for the aging brain are:

  1. Mind Lab Pro
  2. Gingko Biloba
  3. Piracetam
  4. Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)
  5. Creatine
  6. N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 
  7. Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) 
  8. Ashwagandha

I chose these nootropics because they have all been shown, through scientific research, to be effective at improving cognitive function and memory in seniors. These nootropics can help to protect the brain from oxidative stress, increase BDNF levels, and improve GABA signaling.

If you are looking for a natural way to improve brain function and memory, then these nootropics may be a good option for you.

How to Choose the Right Nootropic Supplement for The Aging Brain?

There are a few things to consider when selecting a nootropic supplement.

First, what are your specific needs? Are you looking to improve memory, focus, or both?

Second, what ingredients do you want in your supplement? There are many different formulas available, so it's important to find one that contains ingredients that are known to be effective for cognitive health, such as Ashwagandha and Ginkgo Biloba.

Third, what is your budget? Nootropic supplements can range in price from $20-$100 depending on if you choose a blend or single ingredients.

Fourth, how long do you want to take the supplement for? Some nootropics are designed for short-term use, while others can be taken for longer periods of time.

Finally, make sure you consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplement, especially if you have a medical condition or are taking medication.

What Are the Benefits of Nootropics for The Aging Brain?

nootropics aging brain

The benefits of nootropics for the aging brain include:

  • Improved cognitive function
  • Improved memory
  • Protection from oxidative stress
  • Increased BDNF levels
  • Improved GABA signaling 

As we grow older, it's important to take steps to protect our cognitive health so we can maintain our quality of life. Whether that be through supplements like nootropics or keeping your brain busy with puzzles and challenging brain games. All the nootropics on this list are all beneficial in keeping the aging brain healthy and functioning at its best.

What Are the Side Effects of Nootropics for The Aging Brain?

The side effects of nootropics for the aging brain are:

  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Anxiety
  • Restlessness 

Most of the side effects are mild and temporary. If you experience any severe side effects, stop taking the supplement and consult with a healthcare professional.

Do Nootropics Really Work for The Aging Brain?

Yes, nootropics definitely work for the aging brain. There is scientific evidence to support the use of nootropics for cognitive enhancement.

This is especially important as we age and our cognitive function starts to decline. Taking a nootropic supplement can help protect our brain health and improve our cognitive function.

Final Thoughts

Overall, nootropics are a great way to improve cognitive function and memory. They can also help to protect the brain from oxidative stress and increase BDNF levels.

Nootropics are especially beneficial for seniors as they can help slow the aging process and improve brain function. If you are looking for a natural way to improve your cognitive health, then nootropics may be a good option for you.

I hope this article has helped you learn about nootropics and how they can benefit the aging brain. If you're looking for a good place to start, I highly recommend looking into Mind Lab Pro.

It's a great all-around nootropic supplement with 11 clinically proven ingredients to support cognitive function.

References
  1. Barbalho, S. M., Direito, R., Laurindo, L. F., Marton, L. T., Guiguer, E. L., Goulart, R. de, Tofano, R. J., Carvalho, A. C., Flato, U. A., Capelluppi Tofano, V. A., Detregiachi, C. R., Bueno, P. C., Girio, R. S., & Araújo, A. C. (2022). Ginkgo biloba in the aging process: A narrative review. Antioxidants, 11(3), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030525
  2. Achete de Souza, Gabriela et al. “Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Diseases Related to Oxidative Stress.” Planta medica vol. 86,6 (2020): 376-386. doi:10.1055/a-1109-3405
  3. Nathan, P. “Can the cognitive enhancing effects of ginkgo biloba be explained by its pharmacology?.” Medical hypotheses vol. 55,6 (2000): 491-3. doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1099
  4. Leuner, Kristina et al. “Improved mitochondrial function in brain aging and Alzheimer disease - the new mechanism of action of the old metabolic enhancer piracetam.” Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 4 44. 7 Sep. 2010, doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00044
  5. Akopian, V P, and L S Balian. “O nekotorykh mekhanizmakh deĭstviia piratsetama na mozgovoe krovoobrashchenie” [Mechanism of action of piracetam on cerebral circulation]. Farmakologiia i toksikologiia vol. 50,1 (1987): 38-41.
  6. Fava, Antonietta et al. “The Effect of Lipoic Acid Therapy on Cognitive Functioning in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.” Journal of neurodegenerative diseases vol. 2013 (2013): 454253. doi:10.1155/2013/454253
  7. Akbari, Maryam et al. “The effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on glucose control and lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” Metabolism: clinical and experimental vol. 87 (2018): 56-69. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.07.002
  8. Rawson, Eric S, and Andrew C Venezia. “Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old.” Amino acids vol. 40,5 (2011): 1349-62. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9
  9. Mokhtari, Vida et al. “A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine.” Cell journal vol. 19,1 (2017): 11-17. doi:10.22074/cellj.2016.4872
  10. Arakawa, Motoki, and Yoshihisa Ito. “N-acetylcysteine and neurodegenerative diseases: basic and clinical pharmacology.” Cerebellum (London, England) vol. 6,4 (2007): 308-14. doi:10.1080/14734220601142878
  11. Belcaro, G et al. “Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.” Journal of neurosurgical sciences vol. 58,4 (2014): 239-48.
  12. Panda, S, and A Kar. “Evidence for free radical scavenging activity of Ashwagandha root powder in mice.” Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology vol. 41,4 (1997): 424-6.
  13. Candelario, Manuel et al. “Direct evidence for GABAergic activity of Withania somnifera on mammalian ionotropic GABAA and GABAρ receptors.” Journal of ethnopharmacology vol. 171 (2015): 264-72. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.058
  14. Konar, Arpita et al. “Protective role of Ashwagandha leaf extract and its component withanone on scopolamine-induced changes in the brain and brain-derived cells.” PloS one vol. 6,11 (2011): e27265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027265


source https://nootropicology.com/best-nootropics-for-the-aging-brain/

8 Best Nootropics For Flow State In 2026

In this article, I'll look at the 8 best nootropics to achieve flow state .  I'll cover the potential risks and side effects you ma...