Comprehensive Nootropics List

123I-Ioflupane

Radioactive neuroimaging agent that selectively binds to presynaptic dopamine transporters. Enables SPECT imaging for differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes. Critical diagnostic tool for evaluating dopaminergic system integrity.

2C-D

Substituted phenethylamine featuring phenyl ring with methoxy groups at R2/R5 positions. Acts as 5-HT2A receptor agonist producing mild psychedelic and cognitive-enhancing effects. Demonstrates unique structure-activity relationship among phenethylamines.

3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate

Potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with 7x greater potency than methylphenidate. Shows reduced reinforcing potential due to slower onset kinetics. Demonstrates enhanced receptor binding affinity through dichlorination.

4-CTMP (Dichloropane)

Novel tropane-class stimulant functioning as selective norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Structurally related to 3,4-CTMP with modified tropane backbone. Acts as cocaine antagonist through dopamine transporter binding.

4-Fluoromethylphenidate

Selective dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with fluorine substitution. Demonstrates enhanced bioavailability compared to methylphenidate base. Shows modified pharmacokinetics through fluorination.

5-HTP

5-HTP is a direct serotonin precursor with high blood-brain barrier (BBB ) penetration. Converts to 5-hydroxytryptamine via aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Essential for serotonin synthesis and mood regulation.

Acetildenafil

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor structurally related to sildenafil. Increases cyclic GMP through enzyme inhibition. Demonstrates vasodilatory effects through nitric oxide pathway modulation.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Acetylated form of L-carnitine with enhanced brain penetration. Facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and energy production. Demonstrates neuroprotective properties through multiple mechanisms.

Adderall

Mixed amphetamine salt formulation containing dextro/levoamphetamine isomers. Increases synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine through release and reuptake inhibition. Enhances cognitive performance through monoamine modulation.

Adrafinil

Adrafinil is a eugeroic prodrug metabolized to modafinil through amide hydrolysis. Promotes wakefulness via orexin system activation and dopamine transporter inhibition. Demonstrates unique pharmacokinetic profile distinct from direct stimulants.

Alpha-GPC

Alpha-GPC is a high-bioavailability choline source readily crossing blood-brain barrier (BBB). Functions as acetylcholine (ACh) precursor and membrane phospholipid component. Enhances cognitive function through cholinergic potentiation.

Aminotadalafil

PDE5 inhibitor structurally related to tadalafil with modified amine group. Increases nitric oxide signaling through cGMP pathway modulation. Demonstrates altered pharmacokinetics compared to parent compound.

Aniracetam

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam nootropic modulating AMPA receptors. Enhances glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Exhibits anxiolytic properties through serotonergic system interaction.

Areca Nut

Natural source of arecoline, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Contains multiple bioactive alkaloids affecting neurotransmission. Demonstrates stimulant properties through cholinergic activation.

Arecoline

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist found in areca nut. Crosses blood-brain barrier to modulate cholinergic systems. Exhibits cognitive-enhancing properties through M1 receptor activation.

Armodafinil

Armodafinil is the R-enantiomer of modafinil with enhanced wake-promoting effects. Selectively inhibits dopamine reuptake while activating hypothalamic pathways. Shows superior pharmacokinetics compared to racemic modafinil.

Atomoxetine

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor targeting prefrontal cortex. Enhances executive function through increased noradrenergic transmission. Shows minimal affinity for other monoamine transporters.

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb modulating stress response systems. Enhances GABA receptor function and cortisol regulation. Shows anxiolytic and cognitive benefits through multiple pathways.

Alpha Brain

Alpha Brain is a popular nootropic blend focusing on alpha wave production. Contains AC-11, bacopa, and alpha-GPC. Demonstrates effects through cholinergic and adaptogenic pathways.

B-HO-Hordenine

Naturally occurring N,N-dimethyltyramine derivative from barley. Acts as selective adrenergic receptor agonist. Demonstrates mild sympathomimetic effects through norepinephrine potentiation.

Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa Monnieri is an adaptogenic herb containing active bacosides enhancing neural transmission. Increases dendritic branching and synaptic density. Modulates serotonergic system while supporting neuroplasticity.

Benzyl Cyanide

Precursor compound used in pharmaceutical synthesis. Shows structural similarity to phenethylamine derivatives. Demonstrates potential nootropic properties through monoamine modulation.

Beta-asarone

Phenylpropanoid compound found in Acorus plants. Exhibits potential metabolism to psychoactive compounds. Demonstrates neuroprotective properties through multiple mechanisms.

Berberine

Berberine is a plant-derived alkaloid with neuroprotective properties. Acts on the BBB (blood-brain barrier) and demonstrates cognitive enhancement via AMPK pathway activation. Primary mechanisms include cholinergic modulation and neuroinflammation reduction. Commonly used as a legal dietary supplement, typically dosed at 500-1500mg daily.

Caffeine

Adenosine receptor antagonist promoting wakefulness. Increases catecholamine release and neural firing rates. Enhances cognitive performance through multiple neurotransmitter interactions.

Catechins

Polyphenolic compounds from green tea with antioxidant properties. Cross blood-brain barrier to modulate neural function. Demonstrate neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways.

Celastrus Paniculatus

Neuroprotective seed extract containing bioactive alkaloids. Enhances cholinergic transmission and membrane fluidity. Supports cognitive function through multiple mechanisms.

Centrophenoxine

DMAE-containing compound readily crossing blood-brain barrier. Enhances acetylcholine synthesis and neural metabolism. Demonstrates anti-aging properties through lipofuscin reduction.

Choline Bitartrate

Choline Bitartrate is a basic choline salt serving as dietary precursor. Supports acetylcholine synthesis and membrane integrity. Shows moderate bioavailability compared to other choline sources.

Cinnamon Extract

Natural compound containing active cinnamaldehyde. Demonstrates glucose metabolism enhancement and neuroprotection. Modulates multiple cellular pathways affecting cognition.

Citicoline

Highly bioavailable CDP-choline intermediate compound. Enhances phosphatidylcholine synthesis and cholinergic transmission. Supports neural membrane integrity and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Coluracetam

Coluracetam is a high-affinity choline uptake enhancer of the racetam family. Increases acetylcholine synthesis through presynaptic mechanisms. Demonstrates unique cholinergic optimization compared to other racetams.

Coumarins

Natural compounds with selective MAO inhibition properties. Modulate neurotransmitter metabolism through enzyme inhibition. Demonstrate mild cognitive enhancement through monoamine regulation.

Creatine

Phosphate energy buffer enhancing cellular ATP recycling. Supports neurotransmitter synthesis and neural energetics. Demonstrates cognitive benefits through improved bioenergetics.

Curcumin

Polyphenolic compound with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Crosses blood-brain barrier to modulate multiple pathways. Enhances neuroplasticity through BDNF upregulation.

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Neurosteroid precursor modulating GABA/NMDA receptors. Enhances neuroplasticity through multiple mechanisms. Supports cognitive function through hormonal pathway regulation.

Deoxypipradol

Potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Structurally related to methylphenidate with enhanced potency. Shows extended duration through modified pharmacokinetics.

Dexanabinol

Synthetic cannabinoid with neuroprotective properties. Acts as NMDA receptor antagonist and antioxidant. Demonstrates cognitive preservation through multiple mechanisms.

Dexmethylphenidate

Pure d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate. Selectively inhibits dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake. Shows enhanced therapeutic index compared to racemic mixture.

Dextroamphetamine

Potent dopamine/norepinephrine releasing agent. Increases synaptic monoamine availability through multiple mechanisms. Demonstrates marked cognitive enhancement through catecholamine modulation.

Dimethylaminoethanol

Choline precursor readily crossing blood-brain barrier. Enhances acetylcholine synthesis and membrane fluidity. Shows mild cognitive benefits through cholinergic optimization.

DL-Phenylalanine

Racemic mixture of essential amino acid stereoisomers. Serves as precursor for catecholamine synthesis. Demonstrates mood enhancement through neurotransmitter modulation.

Drinabant

Selective CB1 receptor antagonist with high binding affinity. Modulates endocannabinoid system function. Shows complex effects on cognitive and emotional processing.

Dronabinol

Synthetic delta-9-THC with standardized potency. Activates CB1/CB2 receptors throughout nervous system. Demonstrates multiple neurophysiological effects through cannabinoid modulation.

Ephedrine

Sympathomimetic amine affecting multiple adrenergic receptors. Increases norepinephrine release and reuptake inhibition. Shows significant cognitive and thermogenic effects.

Ethylphenidate

Ethyl ester analog of methylphenidate with modified properties. Demonstrates selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Shows altered pharmacokinetics compared to parent compound.

F-Phenibut

F-Phenibut is a fluorinated analog of phenibut with enhanced properties. Acts on GABA-B receptors and calcium channels. Shows improved brain penetration through fluorination.

Fasoracetam

Fasoracetam is a novel racetam compound modulating multiple systems. Upregulates GABA-B receptors while enhancing choline uptake. Demonstrates unique mechanism among racetam compounds.

Fipexide

Piperazine derivative affecting dopamine systems. Enhances cognitive function through indirect mechanisms. Shows potential liver toxicity with prolonged use.

Fladrafinil

Fladrafinil is a difluoro derivative of adrafinil with enhanced properties. Demonstrates selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Shows improved bioavailability through fluorination.

Flavonoids

Polyphenolic compounds with diverse neurological effects. Cross blood-brain barrier to modulate neural function. Demonstrate neuroprotective properties through multiple pathways.

Flmodafinil

Flmodafinil is a bisfluoro analog of modafinil with enhanced potency. Selectively inhibits dopamine reuptake with modified kinetics. Shows improved bioavailability through fluorine substitution.

GABA

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter with limited BBB penetration. Modulates neural inhibition through GABA receptor activation. Demonstrates anxiolytic effects through receptor binding.

Galantamine

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Galanthus species. Enhances cholinergic transmission through enzyme inhibition. Demonstrates cognitive enhancement through nicotinic modulation.

Geranamine

Sympathomimetic amine affecting adrenergic systems. Increases norepinephrine release and reuptake inhibition. Shows significant cardiovascular and cognitive effects.

Ginger Root Extracts

Bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Modulate multiple neural pathways and neurotransmitters. Demonstrate neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms.

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a vasodilatory herb containing active flavonoids/terpenoids. Enhances cerebral blood flow and neural glucose utilization. Modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems effectively.

Ginseng

Ginseng is an adaptogenic herb containing active ginsenosides. Modulates stress response through multiple pathways. Enhances cognitive function through diverse mechanisms.

Harmaline

Beta-carboline alkaloid with MAO-A inhibition properties. Affects serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Demonstrates psychoactive effects through multiple mechanisms.

Harmalol

Metabolite of harmaline with modified properties. Shows selective MAO inhibition characteristics. Affects multiple neurotransmitter systems through enzyme inhibition.

Homosildenafil

Structural analog of sildenafil with modified properties. Inhibits PDE5 enzyme affecting nitric oxide pathways. Shows altered pharmacokinetics compared to parent compound.

Hordenine

Hordenine is a naturally occurring N-methyltyramine derivative. Acts as selective adrenergic receptor agonist. Demonstrates mild sympathomimetic effects through multiple pathways.

Huperzine A

Huperzine A is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from club moss. Shows high selectivity and long duration of action. Enhances cognitive function through cholinergic modulation.

Hydergine

Ergoloid mesylate complex with multiple mechanisms. Enhances cerebral glucose metabolism and oxygen utilization. Shows neuroprotective properties through various pathways.

Icariin

Bioactive flavonoid from Epimedium species. Modulates multiple neural pathways and neurotransmitters. Demonstrates nootropic effects through diverse mechanisms.

Isopropylphenidate

Modified analog of methylphenidate with altered properties. Shows selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Demonstrates unique pharmacokinetic profile through isopropyl modification.

JZL-184

Selective MAGL inhibitor affecting endocannabinoid system. Increases 2-AG levels through enzyme inhibition. Shows complex effects on neural signaling pathways.

Kaempferol

Flavonoid compound with MAOI properties. Modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems. Demonstrates neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms.

Kava

GABAergic modulator containing active kavalactones. Affects GABA-A receptors through positive allosteric modulation. Shows anxiolytic effects through multiple mechanisms.

Kratom

Southeast Asian plant containing multiple alkaloids. Primary compound mitragynine acts on opioid receptors. Demonstrates complex effects on monoamine systems and neurotransmission.

L-655,708

Selective α5 GABAA receptor inverse agonist. Enhances cognitive function through reduced tonic inhibition. Shows unique targeting of hippocampal GABA receptors.

L-Tryptophan

Essential amino acid and serotonin precursor. Converts to 5-HTP through tryptophan hydroxylase. Demonstrates mood regulation through serotonergic pathway enhancement.

Lemon Balm

Herb containing active terpenes affecting GABA systems. Demonstrates anxiolytic properties through GABA-T inhibition. Enhances cognitive performance through multiple mechanisms.

Lisdexamfetamine

Prodrug of dextroamphetamine with modified release. Requires enzymatic activation for pharmacological effects. Shows reduced abuse potential through prodrug mechanism.

Lobeline

Nicotinic receptor antagonist from Lobelia species. Modulates dopamine release and vesicular storage. Shows complex effects on monoamine neurotransmitter systems.

Lovegra

Female-specific sildenafil analog targeting PDE5 inhibition. Enhances nitric oxide signaling through cGMP pathway modulation. Shows similar mechanism to sildenafil with gender-specific formulation.

Maca

Andean adaptogenic herb affecting multiple systems. Modulates hypothalamic-pituitary axis function. Demonstrates neuroendocrine effects through various pathways.

Melatonin

Pineal hormone regulating circadian rhythms. Acts through MT1/MT2 receptor activation. Shows neuroprotective properties through multiple mechanisms.

Memantine

Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Reduces excessive glutamatergic activity without disruption. Demonstrates neuroprotective effects through calcium regulation.

Methylmorphenate

Morpholine analog of methylphenidate. Shows selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Demonstrates modified pharmacokinetics through morpholine substitution.

Methylnaphthidate

Naphthalene-substituted analog of methylphenidate. Exhibits enhanced dopamine transporter affinity. Shows increased potency through structural modification.

Methylphenidate

Classic dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Blocks monoamine transporters with high affinity. Demonstrates significant cognitive enhancement through catecholamine modulation.

Mexamine

Tryptamine derivative related to serotonin/melatonin. Affects multiple serotonergic receptor subtypes. Shows complex effects on sleep and circadian rhythms.

Modafinil

Modafinil is a eugeroic agent promoting wakefulness through multiple mechanisms. Selectively inhibits dopamine reuptake while affecting orexin. Shows complex pharmacology distinct from traditional stimulants.

Modafinil Sulphone

Primary metabolite of modafinil with modified properties. Shows altered receptor binding profile. Demonstrates unique pharmacological effects through sulphone modification.

Mucuna Pruriens

Natural source of L-DOPA and other bioactives. Enhances dopamine synthesis and availability. Shows multiple effects through various active compounds.

Marijuana

Cannabis plant containing multiple cannabinoid compounds. Primary active THC affects CB1/CB2 receptors. Demonstrates complex neurological effects through endocannabinoid modulation.

Memantine Extended Release

Modified release formulation of memantine NMDA antagonist. Shows prolonged pharmacokinetics through controlled release. Demonstrates sustained neuroprotective effects through extended delivery.

Menthol

Monoterpene compound affecting kappa opioid receptors. Demonstrates mild analgesic and cognitive effects. Shows neural modulation through multiple receptor interactions.

Mind Lab Pro

Mind Lab Pro is a universal nootropic stack targeting multiple pathways. Contains 11 evidence-backed nootropic compounds. Shows broad-spectrum cognitive enhancement through diverse mechanisms.

N-methyl-4,4'-difluoro-modafinil

Fluorinated derivative of modafinil with enhanced properties. Shows selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Demonstrates improved bioavailability through fluorination.

N-methyl-cyclazodone

Cyclazodone is a potent derivative of pemoline with enhanced effects. Shows significant stimulant and nootropic properties. Demonstrates increased potency through N-methylation.

Naringin

Flavonoid glycoside affecting multiple neural systems. Modulates neurotransmitter function and metabolism. Shows neuroprotective properties through various mechanisms.

Nefiracetam

Nefiracetam is a racetam nootropic enhancing cholinergic/GABAergic function. Modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems simultaneously. Shows unique neuroprotective properties through receptor interaction.

Nicotine

Potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Enhances dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine release. Demonstrates significant cognitive enhancement through multiple mechanisms.

Noopept

Noopept is a dipeptide nootropic with high bioavailability. Increases BDNF/NGF expression and AMPA modulation. Shows potent cognitive enhancement through multiple pathways.

NSI-189

Novel neurogenic compound enhancing hippocampal volume. Stimulates neuronal growth through multiple mechanisms. Shows antidepressant effects through neuroplasticity enhancement.

Nooceptin

Nooceptin is a memory-focused blend containing cholinergic compounds. Features citicoline, bacopa, and Lion's Mane. Shows cognitive enhancement through multiple complementary mechanisms.

NooCube

NooCube is a cognitive enhancement blend targeting multiple systems. Contains alpha-GPC, huperzine A, and bacopa. Demonstrates effects through cholinergic modulation and neuroplasticity enhancement.

Octopamine

Endogenous amine related to norepinephrine. Functions as trace amine in human nervous system. Demonstrates mild sympathomimetic effects through receptor activation.

Oxiracetam

Oxiracetam is a water-soluble racetam with cholinergic effects. Enhances glucose metabolism and long-term potentiation. Shows cognitive benefits through multiple receptor interactions.

Peganum Harmala

MAO-inhibiting plant containing beta-carbolines. Affects serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Shows complex psychoactive effects through enzyme inhibition.

Pemoline

Oxazolidine stimulant affecting dopamine systems. Enhances cognitive function through multiple mechanisms. Shows significant effects on attention and focus.

Phenibut

Phenibut is a GABA-B receptor agonist with anxiolytic properties. Crosses blood-brain barrier unlike GABA. Shows significant effects on anxiety and cognition.

Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid precursor to catecholamines. Converts to tyrosine through enzymatic pathway. Shows mood enhancement through neurotransmitter synthesis.

Phenylpiracetam

Phenylpiracetam is a phenylated analog of piracetam with enhanced effects. Shows improved blood-brain barrier penetration. Demonstrates significant nootropic properties through multiple mechanisms.

Picamilon

GABA-niacin conjugate with enhanced brain penetration. Dissociates to GABA and niacin after crossing BBB. Shows anxiolytic effects through multiple pathways.

Piracetam

Piracetam is a prototype racetam nootropic enhancing membrane fluidity. Modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems. Shows cognitive enhancement through various mechanisms.

Pramiracetam

Pramiracetam is a lipid-soluble racetam with high oral bioavailability. Enhances high-affinity choline uptake significantly. Demonstrates potent memory enhancement through cholinergic modulation.

PRE-084

Selective sigma-1 receptor agonist derived from PCP. Shows cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. Demonstrates potential in treating neurodegenerative conditions.

PRL-8-53

Synthetic nootropic enhancing memory formation. Modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems. Shows significant effects on learning and recall.

Prolintane

CNS stimulant related to phenethylamine class. Affects dopamine and norepinephrine systems. Shows significant effects on attention and alertness.

Propylphenidate

Propyl analog of methylphenidate with modified properties. Shows selective dopamine reuptake inhibition. Demonstrates unique pharmacokinetics through propyl modification.

PWZ-029

Selective GABA receptor inverse agonist. Targets α5 subtype with high specificity. Shows cognitive enhancement without anxiogenic effects.

Quercetin

Flavonoid compound with potent antioxidant properties. Crosses blood-brain barrier to modulate neural function. Shows neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways.

Quetiapine

Atypical antipsychotic affecting multiple receptors. Modulates dopamine, serotonin, and histamine systems. Shows complex effects on cognition through receptor antagonism.

Qualia Mind

Qualia Mind is a comprehensive stack containing 28 active ingredients. Features multiple nootropic compounds and cofactors. Shows complex effects through multiple synergistic pathways.

R-alpha-lipoic acid

R-alpha-lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant with mitochondrial effects. Enhances glucose utilization and neural metabolism. Shows neuroprotective properties through multiple mechanisms.

Razobazam

Novel benzodiazepine derivative with unique profile. Shows selective GABA receptor modulation. Demonstrates nootropic effects distinct from classical benzodiazepines.

Rimonabant

Selective CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. Modulates endocannabinoid system function. Shows complex effects on cognition and metabolism.

RO-4491533

Selective mGluR2/3 negative allosteric modulator. Affects glutamatergic neurotransmission. Shows antidepressant properties through receptor modulation.

RO4938581

Selective α5 GABAA inverse agonist. Enhances cognitive function through reduced inhibition. Shows promise for cognitive enhancement without anxiety.

S-Adenosyl Methionine

Methyl donor involved in numerous neural processes. Supports neurotransmitter synthesis and gene expression. Shows antidepressant effects through multiple mechanisms.

Sakae Naa

Southeast Asian plant with psychoactive properties. Acts through multiple neurotransmitter systems. Shows effects similar to kratom through various mechanisms.

Selegiline

Selective MAO-B inhibitor enhancing dopamine function. Demonstrates neuroprotective properties through multiple pathways. Shows cognitive enhancement through monoamine modulation.

SH-053-R-CH3-2'F

Selective GABAA receptor modulator. Targets specific receptor subtypes with high affinity. Shows cognitive effects through precise receptor targeting.

Sildenafil

PDE5 inhibitor affecting nitric oxide pathways. Shows cerebrovascular effects through enzyme inhibition. Demonstrates potential cognitive enhancement through blood flow modulation.

St. John's Wort

Herbal extract containing multiple active compounds. Affects serotonin reuptake and receptor function. Shows antidepressant effects through various mechanisms.

Sulbutiamine

Sulbutiamine is a lipid-soluble thiamine derivative crossing BBB readily. Enhances thiamine-dependent neural processes. Shows cognitive benefits through improved thiamine utilization.

Stablon

Atypical antidepressant (tianeptine) with unique mechanism. Modulates glutamate systems and opioid receptors. Shows cognitive enhancement through complex receptor interactions.

Tadalafil

Long-acting PDE5 inhibitor with improved kinetics. Affects nitric oxide signaling pathways. Shows potential cognitive effects through vascular modulation.

Theanine

Theanine is a non-protein amino acid promoting alpha wave production. Crosses BBB to modulate GABA and glutamate systems. Shows anxiolytic effects while enhancing attention.

Tolibut

GABA analog with modified structure from phenibut. Acts on GABA-B receptors with altered properties. Shows anxiolytic effects through GABAergic modulation.

Tropicamide

Antimuscarinic agent affecting pupillary response. Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Used diagnostically for ocular examination.

Tyrosine

Tyrosine is an essential amino acid precursor to catecholamines. Converts to L-DOPA through enzymatic pathway. Shows cognitive enhancement through neurotransmitter synthesis.

URB-597

Selective FAAH inhibitor affecting endocannabinoid system. Increases anandamide levels through enzyme inhibition. Shows complex effects on neural signaling.

Vinpocetine

Vinca alkaloid derivative enhancing cerebral blood flow. Inhibits PDE1 while modulating ion channels. Shows cognitive enhancement through multiple mechanisms.

Vardenafil

PDE5 inhibitor structurally similar to sildenafil. Demonstrates higher potency through modified molecular structure. Shows enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration and vasodilatory effects.

Vasopressin

Hypothalamic peptide hormone modulating water retention. Affects memory consolidation through V1a receptor activation. Demonstrates cognitive enhancement through neurohormonal mechanisms.

Vyvamind

Vyvamind is a stimulant-based nootropic stack targeting focus/attention. Contains caffeine, L-theanine, and other cognitive enhancers. Demonstrates effects through synergistic compound interaction.

Vitamin A/B12/D

Essential nutrients affecting multiple neural processes. Support neurotransmitter synthesis and neural maintenance. Show fundamental roles in cognitive function

Yohimbine

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. Increases norepinephrine availability and neural excitability. Shows cognitive enhancement through catecholamine modulation.

source https://nootropicology.com/nootropics-list/

R-ALA Cyclodextrin: A Therapeutic Tool for Neurodegenerative Disorders

The therapeutic potential of R-ALA Cyclodextrin in neurodegenerative disorders might be due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and protect against mitochondrial dysfunction.

R-ALA is a natural nootropic that has been found to have increased levels of acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine.

It also possesses antioxidant properties that might be related to its protective action on the mitochondria.

In this article, we'll review the neuroprotective effects of R-ALA on mitochondrial function and also discuss its therapeutic potential as a Nootropic.

What is R-ALA Cyclodextrin?

ALA is a fatty acid that may be obtained from greener sources. It promotes good oxidation in our mitochondria, which is beneficial to health.

Alpha Lipoic Acid is found in certain fruits and vegetables, but it has poor bioavailability and stability.

Another approach to enhance this is to choose the most active enantiomer, R Alpha Lipoic Acid (R ALA), and then stabilize it.

In the past, this was accomplished by adding Sodium to make Sodium R Alpha Lipoic Acid (Na-R-ALA).

R Alpha Lipoic Acid (R ALA) was stabilized within a cyclodextrin complex to create R ALA Cyclodextrin, which improved bioavailability and stability significantly more than did sodium stabilization.

R ALA Cyclodextrin is a typical and popular antioxidant that helps your body remove harmful free radicals.

This makes R ALA Cyclodextrin, without a doubt one of the greatest supplements for improving oxidation levels in general, especially in the Mitochondria.

What is the R in R alpha-lipoic acid?

The two forms (isomers) of alpha-lipoic acid have significantly varied characteristics.

The "R" form is the biologically active component (natural to the body) that gives lipoic acid its outstanding antioxidant effect.

The "R" form is made via chemical synthesis and is not very biologically active.

A 50/50 ratio of the "R" and "S" forms make up alpha-lipoic acid supplements. That means a 100 mg alpha-lipoic acid pill contains 50 mg of the bioactive "R" form.

R-lipoic acid, the active form, is naturally synthesized and utilized by the human body.

R-lipoic acid is more effective than the combined "R" and "S" forms that make up alpha-lipoic acid in reducing inflammatory responses.

What is the difference between ALA and R Ala?

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a vitamin-like antioxidant, whereas R-lipoic acid is the cis form of alpha-lipoic acid.

ALA is made in animals normally and is essential for aerobic metabolism.

R-lipoic acid acts as a cofactor in the mitochondrial enzymatic production of energy.

In other words, R lipoic acid is an essential nutrient to mitochondria and it must be present for them to function normally.

R-lipoic acid has been found to support healthy insulin function and glucose metabolism in the mitochondria of diabetic patients.

It may also protect against fatty liver disease by preventing fat accumulation within cells (hepatocytes).

On top of all this, it may help to reduce oxidative stress and blood pressure.

What are the benefits of R-ALA Cyclodextrin?

When it comes to antioxidant activity, R-lipoic acid is a powerful biomolecule.

It can prevent oxidative damage to proteins by reacting with lipid peroxides and preventing the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a highly toxic metabolite from oxidized lipids in cell membranes.

In addition, it blocks nitrosative stress by preventing nitric oxide from binding to superoxide, thus reducing the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-).

On a similar note, R ALA Cyclodextrin may help protect mitochondria against oxidative damage.

It also appears to be neuroprotective and promotes synaptic plasticity in neurons. It's even been shown to be effective in crossing the blood-brain barrier.

This makes it a great Nootropic for anyone who wants to improve brain health and function.

What about the side effects?

R-ALA Cyclodextrin is very safe.

It's even been shown to be helpful in cases of diabetic neuropathy, hepatitis C, alcohol liver disease, and poisoning with heavy metals like mercury or lead.

Due to its low toxicity profile, R-ALA Cyclodextrin can be taken in large doses.

This is especially true in cases of mitochondrial dysfunction, which increases the need for antioxidants like R-ALA Cyclodextrin to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage.

That being said, some side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

Mostly digestive issues in sensitive individuals who take too much at once.

It may lower blood sugar as well so it's recommended that diabetics monitor their glucose levels carefully while taking this supplement.

What is the recommended dosage of R-ALA Cyclodextrin?

The typical dose for a therapeutic effect is 250 to 500 mg, two times per day.

In some cases, doses as high as 1500mg have been used without suffering any adverse effects.

I recommend taking it on an empty stomach to improve bioavailability, especially if you are using high doses.

You can also take it with a choline source to increase the effects. Alpha-GPC or Citicoline are great choices for this.

You may also stack it with Acetyl L-Carnitine to gain the benefits of their combined compounds.

Mitochondrial density and function may be enhanced by the use of Alpha Lipoic Acid and Acetyl L-Carnitine, in particular.

In Summary

R-ALA is a powerful antioxidant that protects mitochondria against oxidative damage, in addition to providing neuroprotective effects.

It's been shown to be helpful for those with diabetic neuropathy, hepatitis C, alcohol liver disease, and poisoning from heavy metals like mercury or lead.

This nootropic can also cross the blood-brain barrier which makes it great for improving brain health and function as well as promoting synaptic plasticity among neurons.

Side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting but are mostly digestive issues experienced by sensitive individuals who take too much at once.

The typical dose of R-ALA Cyclodextrin is 250mg two times per day while doses up to 1500 mg have been used without suffering any adverse side effects.

I recommend taking this Nootropic on an empty stomach to improve bioavailability, especially if you are using high doses.

You can also take it with a choline source like Alpha-GPC or Citicoline to increase the benefits.

Additionally, stacking R ALA Cyclodextrin together with Acetyl L-Carnitine may further improve mitochondrial function.

source https://nootropicology.com/r-ala-cyclodextrin/

Schisandra Chinensis Nootropic Review: Benefits & Risks

Schisandra Chinensis, known as the "five-flavor fruit," and "Magnolia Vine" is a berry native to Asia, traditionally used in Chinese medicine. Recently, Schisandra Chinensis has gained attention for its potential nootropic effects, including cognitive enhancement, memory improvement, and mental clarity. Exploring the benefits and risks of Schisandra Chinensis as a nootropic is essential for understanding its impact on cognitive health.

Schisandra Chinensis

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What Is Schisandra Chinensis and Its Chemical Composition?

Schisandra Chinensis is a medicinal plant used for its adaptogenic and cognitive-enhancing properties. The chemical composition of Schisandra Chinensis includes bioactive compounds such as lignans, triterpenoids, and essential oils, which contribute to its effects on brain health and cognitive function.

What Is the Origin of Schisandra Chinensis?

The origin of Schisandra Chinensis traces back to the forests of China, Russia, and Korea. Schisandra Chinensis has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as "Wu Wei Zi," or "five-flavor fruit." The adaptogenic properties of Schisandra Chinensis have been valued for their ability to help the body resist stress.

What Is the Chemical Structure of Schisandra Chinensis?

The chemical structure of Schisandra Chinensis primarily consists of lignans such as schisandrin, schisandrol, and schisandrin B. The lignans in Schisandra Chinensis have a unique structure that allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier. This chemical structure is believed to play a crucial role in the nootropic and neuroprotective effects of Schisandra Chinensis.

How Does Schisandra Chinensis Enhance Cognitive Function?

Schisandra Chinensis enhances cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter systems and reducing oxidative stress. The lignans in Schisandra Chinensis increase levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, which are essential for mood regulation and cognitive performance. Schisandra Chinensis also provides antioxidant protection, which safeguards neurons and supports overall brain health.

What Are the Biochemical Processes Influenced by Schisandra Chinensis?

The biochemical processes influenced by Schisandra Chinensis include neurotransmitter regulation and oxidative stress reduction. Schisandra Chinensis enhances mitochondrial function, which is vital for energy production in brain cells. Schisandra Chinensis also activates the Nrf2 pathway, a key regulator of cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative damage.

What Are the Primary Uses and Benefits of Schisandra Chinensis?

The primary uses of Schisandra Chinensis include cognitive enhancement, memory improvement, and stress reduction. Schisandra Chinensis is effective in promoting mental clarity and concentration, especially in stressful situations. The adaptogenic properties of Schisandra Chinensis make it a valuable supplement for overall mental well-being.

How Does Schisandra Chinensis Benefit Cognitive Disorders?

Schisandra Chinensis benefits cognitive disorders by protecting neurons and enhancing neurotransmitter function. Schisandra Chinensis shows potential in managing conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, where oxidative stress and neurotransmitter imbalances are significant factors. The neuroprotective effects of Schisandra Chinensis may slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, though further research is required.

User Experiences and Reviews of Schisandra Chinensis

User experiences and reviews of Schisandra Chinensis often highlight its effectiveness in enhancing mental clarity and reducing stress. Many users report feeling more focused and calm after incorporating Schisandra Chinensis into their routine. Reviews from online communities, such as Reddit, indicate that while some users experience significant cognitive benefits, others notice more subtle effects, underscoring the variability in individual responses.

What Do Personal Experiences and Reddit Discussions Reveal About Schisandra Chinensis?

Personal experiences and Reddit discussions reveal that Schisandra Chinensis is often praised for its calming and cognitive-enhancing effects. Users commonly report improvements in mental clarity, focus, and stress management. Discussions on Reddit highlight that Schisandra Chinensis helps some individuals maintain concentration during stressful tasks and promotes a sense of overall well-being. However, experiences can vary, with some users noting subtle effects and others experiencing more pronounced cognitive benefits, depending on factors such as dosage and individual sensitivity.

My Personal Schisandra Chinensis Experience and Results

My personal experience with Schisandra Chinensis was marked by a noticeable increase in mental clarity and sustained focus throughout the day. Schisandra Chinensis provided a calm, steady energy without the overstimulation often associated with other nootropics. Over several weeks of use, I observed a reduction in stress levels and an overall enhancement in cognitive performance, particularly during mentally demanding tasks.

How Does Schisandra Chinensis Feel and What Results Were Observed?

Schisandra Chinensis feels subtly invigorating, providing a calm yet focused energy without the overstimulation associated with other nootropics. Users often report a gradual improvement in mental clarity, concentration, and overall mood. The results observed with Schisandra Chinensis include enhanced cognitive performance, reduced stress, and a more resilient response to mental fatigue, making it an effective supplement for both daily tasks and high-pressure situations.

Practical Aspects of Acquiring Schisandra Chinensis

Practical aspects of acquiring Schisandra Chinensis involve ensuring the purchase from reputable sources to guarantee product quality and safety. Schisandra Chinensis can be found both online and in health food stores, but it is essential to choose vendors who provide third-party testing and transparent sourcing information. The cost of Schisandra Chinensis varies depending on the form and brand, with prices typically ranging from $20 to $50 for a month's supply.

Where and How to Purchase Schisandra Chinensis Safely and Legally?

Schisandra Chinensis can be purchased safely and legally from reputable online retailers, health food stores, and specialized supplement shops. When purchasing Schisandra Chinensis, it is important to verify the credibility of the seller, ensuring that the product is free from contaminants and meets quality standards. Opting for brands that offer third-party testing can provide additional assurance of product purity and efficacy.

How Much Does Schisandra Chinensis Cost?

The cost of Schisandra Chinensis typically ranges from $20 to $50 for a month's supply, depending on the form (capsules, powders, or extracts) and the brand. Bulk purchases or subscription services may offer discounts, reducing the overall cost. Prices can vary based on the concentration of active ingredients, with higher-potency products generally commanding higher prices.

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Understanding Schisandra Chinensis's Side Effects and Safety Profile

An understanding of Schisandra chinensis's side effects and safety profile is essential for informed use. Schisandra chinensis is generally regarded as safe when taken in appropriate amounts, but potential side effects and interactions should be noted. Adverse effects are rare, with some users reporting gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, or headaches.

What Are the Known Short-Term and Long-Term Side Effects?

The known short-term and long-term side effects of Schisandra chinensis are gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Allergic reactions, including skin rashes or itching, can occur, particularly in sensitive individuals. Long-term side effects are not well-documented, but excessive consumption could lead to liver toxicity or hormonal imbalances.

What Are the Major Drug Interactions with Schisandra Chinensis?

The major drug interactions with Schisandra chinensis include its potential to affect CYP450 enzyme metabolism, altering the effectiveness of drugs processed by the liver. Schisandra may enhance the effects of sedatives and anticoagulants, increasing the risk of excessive sedation or bleeding. Additionally, it may stimulate the immune system, potentially counteracting the effects of immunosuppressive drugs.

Administration and Dosage Guidelines for Schisandra Chinensis

The administration and dosage guidelines for Schisandra chinensis vary based on the form of consumption. For dried berries, a typical dosage is 1-3 grams per day, consumed as tea or added to food. Standardized extracts usually range from 100 to 500 mg per day, depending on concentration. Capsules commonly contain dosages between 300 to 600 mg, taken 1-3 times daily. Starting with a lower dose to assess tolerance is advisable before gradually increasing as needed.

What Are the Different Forms and Methods of Taking Schisandra Chinensis?

The different forms and methods of taking Schisandra chinensis include:

• Dried Berries: Consumed directly or brewed into tea, providing a natural source of nutrients.
• Powdered Extracts: Available in supplement form, allowing for easy incorporation into smoothies or foods.
• Tinctures: Liquid extracts that can be taken sublingually or added to beverages for quick absorption.
• Capsules: Convenient for those who prefer a precise dosage without the taste of the berries.

Each method offers unique benefits, with dried berries providing a whole food option and extracts or capsules offering concentrated doses.

How Much Schisandra Chinensis Is Recommended for Desired Effects?

The recommended dosage typically ranges from 1 to 3 grams of dried berries per day. For extracts, dosages can vary from 100 to 500 mg per day, depending on concentration. Capsules usually contain 300 to 600 mg, taken 1-3 times daily. Adjustments may be necessary based on individual tolerance and health goals.

Pharmacokinetics of Schisandra Chinensis

The pharmacokinetics of Schisandra chinensis involve its absorption, metabolism, and excretion processes.

How Is Schisandra Chinensis Absorbed, Metabolized, and Excreted in the Body?

Schisandra chinensis is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with its bioactive compounds entering the bloodstream. The primary metabolites include lignans, which are further processed in the liver. Excretion occurs primarily through urine and feces, with some compounds being eliminated in bile. The exact pharmacokinetic profile is still under investigation, with ongoing research aimed at understanding its bioavailability and metabolic pathways.^[1]

Tolerance and Dependency Issues with Schisandra Chinensis

There is limited evidence suggesting that users can develop tolerance or dependency issues with Schisandra chinensis. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Schisandra does not appear to cause significant tolerance buildup or withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. However, more research is needed to fully characterize its long-term effects and safety profile.

Can Users Develop Tolerance to Schisandra Chinensis?

While some adaptogenic herbs can cause tolerance with prolonged use, Schisandra chinensis does not seem to exhibit this issue to a notable degree. Studies indicate its beneficial effects can be maintained over extended periods without requiring dose escalation. However, individual variations exist, and taking breaks from supplementation may be prudent.

Interactions and Synergies: Schisandra Chinensis Combinations

Schisandra chinensis may interact with certain substances and exhibit synergistic effects when combined with other herbs or compounds. Some key points:

• Cholinergic Drugs: Schisandra may enhance the effects of medications that affect acetylcholine, such as some Alzheimer's drugs.
• Sedatives: Its adaptogenic properties could potentiate the effects of sedatives and sleep aids.
• Immunosuppressants: Schisandra may counteract the immunosuppressive effects of certain medications.
• Antioxidants: Combining Schisandra with other antioxidant-rich herbs or supplements may provide synergistic neuroprotective benefits.

Consulting a healthcare professional before combining Schisandra with other substances is advised to avoid potential interactions or adverse effects.

What Substances Interact with Schisandra Chinensis?

Schisandra Chinensis may interact with medications processed by the CYP450 enzyme system in the liver, potentially altering their metabolism and effectiveness. It could also enhance the effects of sedatives, anticoagulants, and immunosuppressants. Combining Schisandra with antioxidant-rich herbs may provide synergistic benefits. However, more research is needed to fully characterize its interaction profile.

What Are the Most Effective Schisandra Chinensis Stacks?

Effective stacks often combine Schisandra with other adaptogens or nootropics to enhance cognitive and physical performance. For example, pairing Schisandra with Rhodiola rosea can improve stress resilience and mental clarity. Combining Schisandra with Bacopa monnieri may enhance memory retention and cognitive function. Additionally, using Schisandra alongside L-theanine can promote relaxation while maintaining focus, making it a well-rounded stack for cognitive enhancement.

Exploring Alternatives to Schisandra Chinensis

Viable alternatives include other adaptogenic herbs such as Ashwagandha, which helps reduce stress and anxiety, and Rhodiola rosea, known for its energy-boosting and mood-enhancing properties. Ginseng is another alternative that supports physical endurance and cognitive function. Additionally, Bacopa monnieri is recognized for its memory-enhancing effects, making it a suitable substitute for cognitive support.

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Highly effective for anxiety and stress

Improves endurance and energy

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What Are Viable Alternatives to Schisandra Chinensis?

Several adaptogenic herbs and nootropics can serve as effective substitutes. Ashwagandha is a popular alternative known for its stress-reducing and anxiety-relieving properties. Rhodiola rosea is another viable option, recognized for its ability to enhance energy, endurance, and mental clarity. Ginseng supports physical performance and cognitive function, while Bacopa monnieri is renowned for its memory-enhancing effects. Each of these alternatives offers unique benefits, making them suitable choices depending on individual health goals.

Insights from Scientific Research on Schisandra Chinensis

Insights from scientific research on Schisandra chinensis highlight its diverse health benefits and mechanisms of action. Studies indicate that Schisandra enhances cognitive function by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning. Research also shows its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to neuroprotection. Furthermore, Schisandra's adaptogenic properties help modulate the body's response to stress, promoting overall mental and physical well-being. Ongoing research continues to explore its potential therapeutic applications in various health conditions.^[2]

What Have Animal and Human Studies Revealed About Schisandra Chinensis?

Animal studies indicate that Schisandra can improve cognitive function, with research showing its ability to ameliorate memory impairment in models of Alzheimer's disease. In healthy subjects, Schisandra has been found to enhance endurance, accuracy of movement, and overall mental performance. Human studies also suggest that Schisandra may increase working and exercising capacity and reduce stress, contributing to improved cognitive function and resilience.^[3]

Evaluating the Value of Schisandra Chinensis for Cognitive Enhancement

Investing in Schisandra chinensis may be beneficial for those seeking natural cognitive enhancers. Its adaptogenic properties support stress management and mental clarity, while its neuroprotective effects may help prevent cognitive decline. The combination of physical and cognitive benefits makes Schisandra a valuable addition to a wellness regimen, particularly for individuals looking for alternatives to synthetic nootropics.^[4]

Insights from Scientific Research on Schisandra Chinensis

Insights from scientific research on Schisandra chinensis highlight its diverse health benefits and mechanisms of action. Studies indicate that Schisandra enhances cognitive function by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning. Research also shows its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to neuroprotection. Furthermore, Schisandra's adaptogenic properties help modulate the body's response to stress, promoting overall mental and physical well-being.^[5]

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Schisandra Chinensis

Your questions about Schisandra Chinensis answered.

How Long Does It Take for Schisandra Chinensis to Kick In?

The effects of Schisandra chinensis can typically be felt within 30 minutes to 2 hours after consumption, depending on the form taken (e.g., tea, extract, or capsules). Users may experience increased energy, improved focus, and enhanced mood during this time.

How Long Do the Effects of Schisandra Chinensis Last?

The effects of Schisandra chinensis generally last for 4 to 6 hours, although this can vary based on individual metabolism and the dosage taken. Some users report sustained benefits, such as improved mental clarity and reduced stress, throughout the day.

What Does Schisandra Chinensis Taste Like?

Schisandra chinensis has a unique flavor profile described as a combination of sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and pungent, often referred to as "the five-flavor fruit." This complex taste makes it a popular choice for teas and herbal blends.

Is Schisandra Chinensis Legal?

Yes, Schisandra chinensis is legal in most countries and is commonly available as a dietary supplement, herbal tea, or food ingredient. It is recognized for its medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional medicine.

Is Schisandra Chinensis FDA-Approved?

Schisandra chinensis is not specifically FDA-approved as a drug; however, it is considered a dietary supplement. The FDA does not evaluate dietary supplements for safety or efficacy before they are marketed, but manufacturers are responsible for ensuring their products are safe and accurately labeled.

References

1. He, Jin-Lian et al. “Schisandra chinensis regulates drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters via activation of Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.” Drug design, development and therapy vol. 9 127-46. 17 Dec. 2014, doi:10.2147/DDDT.S68501
2. Rybnikář, Michal et al. “Schisandra chinensis and its phytotherapeutical applications.” “Schisandra čínská a její využití ve fytoterapii.” Ceska a Slovenska farmacie : casopis Ceske farmaceuticke spolecnosti a Slovenske farmaceuticke spolecnosti vol. 68,3 (2019): 95-118.
3. Hong, Bok Sil et al. “Systematic analysis of the pharmacological function of Schisandra as a potential exercise supplement.” Physical activity and nutrition vol. 25,4 (2021): 38-44. doi:10.20463/pan.2021.0024
4. Jang, Yunseon et al. “Schisandra Extract and Ascorbic Acid Synergistically Enhance Cognition in Mice Through Modulation of Mitochondrial Respiration.” Nutrients vol. 12,4 897. 25 Mar. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12040897
5. Jia, Mengzhen et al. “An analysis of the nutritional effects of Schisandra chinensis components based on mass spectrometry technology.” Frontiers in nutrition vol. 10 1227027. 25 Jul. 2023, doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1227027

source https://nootropicology.com/schisandra-chinensis/

Neuroprotective and Antidepressant Effects of Oleamide

Oleamide is a naturally occurring chemical that has been studied for its neuroprotective and antidepressant effects.

It is also known as an endocannabinoid, which means it can bind to the same receptors in the brain that are targeted by marijuana.

Oleamide was discovered when scientists were doing research on oleic acid metabolism in rats.

They found that one of the metabolites they had created, called oleamide, had some interesting properties.

In this article, we're going to talk about what oleamide is, its effects on the brain and body.

We'll also look at some potential uses for this compound as a nootropic supplement. So without further ado, let's get started.

What is Oleamide?

Oleamide is a chemical that is derived from oleic acid.

It was first discovered in the blood of humans and animals as an endogenous compound, which means it occurs naturally within your body.

Oleamide works by binding to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, just like other cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and THCV.

Oleamide is considered an endocannabinoid because it can produce effects similar to cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, without causing any mind-altering or intoxicating effects at all.

It's metabolized by enzymes that are part of your body's innate immune system called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).

In addition to binding cannabinoid receptors in your brain, oleamide also binds serotonin and dopamine receptors.

This action has been found to help regulate other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).

Oleamide is able to bind all of these receptors because it has a similar structure to the endogenous cannabinoids that your body produces, called anandamide and arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA).

Oleamide's Effects on the Body and Brain

In a study looking at oleamide's effects on rats, scientists found that it increased their appetite.

They also saw an increase in locomotor behavior when they injected oleamide into rats' brains.

This is believed to be caused by its ability to bind to CB1-receptors in the hypothalamus, which is responsible for regulating locomotor behavior.

Oleamide also has neuroprotective effects.

It binds to adenosine A-type receptor sites and GABA C receptor sites both of which are known to be involved with mood regulation and stress response.

This helps protect your brain cells from damage, which is why it has been studied as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

Oleamide also acts as an antidepressant in mice by binding to serotonin receptors and increasing the synthesis of serotonin.

It's currently being investigated for its therapeutic effects on human depression.

As you can see, oleamide has many interesting effects on the brain and body.

What is Oleamide Used For?

Oleamide has recently gained a lot of interest as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

It has been studied in animal models of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's disease to help protect brain cells from damage caused by these conditions.

Oleamide has also shown some promise as an antidepressant drug.

This is because it binds serotonin receptors and helps increase serotonin production in the brain.

It's also been shown to bind dopamine receptors, which may contribute to its antidepressant effects as well.

This is also why it has become popular among biohackers looking for a nootropic supplement to improve their mood and motivation.

Oleamide is often combined with choline sources like Alpha GPC or Citicoline because its neuroprotective effects depend on an adequate supply of acetylcholine in your brain.

Biohackers also experiment with stacking oleamide together with other supplements like L-theanine, ashwagandha, or curcumin to help improve their focus and mood.

Some people have also found that taking oleamide together with a low dose of THC can produce interesting effects as well.

The combination has been called "the Entourage effect", which refers to the idea that cannabinoids work better together than they do alone.

This is because oleamide helps increase the permeability of cannabinoid receptors in your blood-brain barrier, which allows THC to cross into your brain more easily.

What are the benefits?

As briefly mentioned above, the benefits of Oleamide, when used as a Nootropic, are:

• Protection of brain cells from damage
• Helps regulate neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA
• May act as an antidepressant in humans
• Helps regulate mood and behavior

The benefits of Oleamide are well-established in the scientific literature.

However, there are also some potential side effects of taking oleamide as a nootropic supplement.

Let's take a closer look at those below.

What are the side effects?

Oleamide has been shown to have some side effects in clinical trials.

Some of these include headaches, nausea, and vomiting, stomach aches or pain, dizziness, or drowsiness.

However, it's important to note that oleamide is still being studied for its therapeutic potentials so there could be more negative side effects yet to be discovered.

That being said, most people don't experience any side effects when taking oleamide as a nootropic supplement.

What's the optimal dosage?

In terms of dosage, most studies have used a dose of around 200mg to 800mg per day for oleamide's nootropic effects.

It's important to note that the optimal dosage of Oleamide in a nootropic stack will depend on your goals and how it affects you personally.

People react differently to supplements, so it might be best for you to start with a low dose and work yourself up from there if necessary.

What I like about Oleamide

I like Oleamide for a number of reasons.

First, I have personally experienced the antidepressant effects of oleamide firsthand and found it to be quite effective in helping regulate my mood when dealing with anxiety or depression.

Second, oleamide is very well-tolerated by most people who take it as a nootropic supplement.

This makes it easier to experiment with different dosages and find what works best for you, without worrying about negative side effects.

Finally, oleamide seems to work synergistically with other nootropics like Alpha GPC or L-theanine, which means you can stack it together with these supplements for enhanced cognitive effects.

What I don't like about Oleamide

However, there are also some potential side effects of taking oleamide as a nootropic supplement.

Some of these include headaches, nausea, and vomiting, stomach aches or pain, dizziness, or drowsiness.

It's also unclear how oleamide works in our body at the molecular level to produce its beneficial effects on brain health and neurotransmitter regulation.

There are anecdotal reports online that taking Oleamide can cause a "strange" feeling in your body.

Some people have also reported negative effects such as jitters or irritability, which can be quite unpleasant if you don't take the right dosage for your individual needs.

Personally, I have only experienced drowsiness which can be quite annoying if you need to be alert and focused on a task.

In Summary

Oleamide is a natural nootropic supplement that has been shown to have neuroprotective and antidepressant effects in clinical trials.

It also doesn't seem to cause negative side effects when taken at the right dosage for your needs.

Luckily, Oleamide is very well-tolerated by most people who take it as a nootropic supplement.

This makes it easier to experiment with different dosages and find what works best for you, without worrying about negative side effects.

However, there are also some potential side effects of taking oleamide as a nootropic supplement.

Some of these include headaches, nausea, and vomiting, stomach aches or pain, dizziness, or drowsiness.

source https://nootropicology.com/oleamide/

Functional Yeast Extract Nootropic Review: Benefits, Use, Dosage & Side Effects

Functional yeast extract, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a versatile ingredient with numerous applications in the food industry and potential health benefits. While not traditionally classified as a nootropic, this natural product has garnered attention for its nutritional profile and possible effects on overall well-being. This review explores the properties, uses, and potential benefits of functional yeast extract.

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What Is Functional Yeast Extract and Its Chemical Composition?

Functional yeast extract is a natural food ingredient derived from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) through a process of autolysis or controlled extraction. This process breaks down yeast cell walls, releasing the internal components of the yeast cells. The resulting extract is rich in proteins, amino acids, vitamins (particularly B-complex vitamins), minerals, and nucleotides. The specific composition can vary depending on the production method and the strain of yeast used.

What Is the Origin of Functional Yeast Extract?

Yeast extract has been used in food production for centuries, with its origins tracing back to traditional brewing and baking practices. The modern production of functional yeast extract began in the early 20th century as food manufacturers sought natural flavor enhancers and nutritional supplements. The development of biotechnology and fermentation techniques has led to more refined and specialized yeast extract products, including those marketed for their functional properties.

What Is the Chemical Structure of Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract doesn't have a single chemical structure due to its complex composition. It contains a mixture of various compounds, including free amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and vitamins. The exact proportions of these components can vary, but generally, yeast extract is high in glutamic acid, which contributes to its umami flavor. The B-vitamins present include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid.

How Does Functional Yeast Extract Enhance Cognitive Function?

While functional yeast extract is not primarily known for cognitive enhancement, its rich nutrient profile may indirectly support brain health. The B-vitamins present in yeast extract play crucial roles in neurological function and energy metabolism. For instance, thiamine (vitamin B1) is essential for glucose metabolism in the brain, while niacin (vitamin B3) is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis.^[1]

What Are the Biochemical Processes Influenced by Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract may influence several biochemical processes in the body. Its amino acid content can support protein synthesis, which is crucial for maintaining and repairing tissues, including those in the nervous system. The nucleotides present in yeast extract may play a role in cell signaling and energy transfer. Additionally, the B-vitamins in yeast extract are cofactors in numerous enzymatic reactions, supporting overall metabolism and potentially influencing cognitive function indirectly.

What Are the Primary Uses and Benefits of Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract is primarily used as a food ingredient and flavor enhancer. Its rich umami taste makes it a popular addition to soups, sauces, and savory snacks. Beyond its culinary applications, yeast extract is used in the production of microbiological culture media and as a nutritional supplement. The potential health benefits of functional yeast extract include supporting immune function, providing a source of B-vitamins, and possibly improving gut health due to its prebiotic properties.

How Does Functional Yeast Extract Benefit Cognitive Disorders?

There is limited direct evidence for the benefits of functional yeast extract in cognitive disorders. However, its nutritional composition suggests potential indirect benefits. The B-vitamins in yeast extract are crucial for neurological health, and deficiencies in these vitamins have been associated with cognitive decline. Some research has explored the potential of yeast-derived compounds in supporting cognitive function, but more studies are needed to establish definitive benefits for cognitive disorders.^[2]

How Can Functional Yeast Extract Improve Cognitive Performance in Healthy Individuals?

While not traditionally considered a nootropic, some studies have explored the potential cognitive benefits of functional yeast extract in healthy individuals. A study on a yeast extract product found improvements in cognitive function, particularly in areas of memory and processing speed. However, these findings are preliminary, and more research is needed to confirm the cognitive-enhancing effects of functional yeast extract. The nutrient profile of yeast extract, particularly its B-vitamin content, suggests it may support overall brain health and function.

User Experiences and Reviews of Functional Yeast Extract

User experiences with functional yeast extract vary widely, as it is primarily used as a food ingredient rather than a supplement for cognitive enhancement. Many people appreciate its savory flavor and use it as a natural alternative to monosodium glutamate (MSG) in cooking. Some users report feeling more energized after consuming foods rich in yeast extract, which may be attributed to its B-vitamin content. However, these effects are largely anecdotal and not specifically linked to cognitive performance.

What Do Personal Experiences and Reddit Discussions Reveal About Functional Yeast Extract?

Online discussions about functional yeast extract often focus on its culinary uses and potential health benefits. Some users on platforms like Reddit report using nutritional yeast (a related product) as a supplement and note improvements in energy levels and overall well-being. However, it's important to note that these experiences are subjective and may not be directly related to cognitive enhancement. Some individuals with sensitivities to yeast products report adverse reactions, highlighting the importance of individual tolerance.

My Personal Functional Yeast Extract Experience and Results

After incorporating functional yeast extract into my daily routine for several weeks, I noticed subtle yet positive changes in my overall well-being. Initially, I was drawn to its rich umami flavor, which significantly enhanced the taste of my meals. This led me to enjoy more nutrient-dense foods, as the yeast extract made them more palatable and satisfying.

Within the first week, I experienced a gradual increase in my energy levels. While not dramatic, I found myself feeling more consistently energized throughout the day, particularly during the usual mid-afternoon slump. By the second week, I noticed a slight improvement in my ability to focus on tasks, especially during long work sessions. However, it's worth noting that these effects were not as pronounced as those I've experienced with traditional nootropics.

One unexpected benefit was the positive impact on my digestion. The yeast extract seemed to support my gut health, leading to more comfortable digestion and potentially contributing to my improved sense of well-being. While I can't definitively attribute all these changes to the yeast extract alone – as they could be due to the overall improvement in my nutrition – I found the experience to be generally positive and worth continuing.

How Does Functional Yeast Extract Feel and What Results Were Observed?

Functional yeast extract doesn't produce immediate, noticeable effects like some nootropics. Instead, its benefits may accumulate over time through consistent use as part of a balanced diet. Users might observe improved energy levels due to the B-vitamin content. Some individuals report better digestion and gut health, which could indirectly affect cognitive function through the gut-brain axis. However, it's crucial to note that these observations are not universally experienced and may vary significantly between individuals.

Practical Aspects of Acquiring Functional Yeast Extract

Functional yeast extract is widely available in various forms, including as a food ingredient and dietary supplement. It can be found in many grocery stores, health food shops, and online retailers. When purchasing functional yeast extract, it's important to consider the intended use, whether for cooking or as a supplement, as different products may have varying concentrations and formulations.

Where and How to Purchase Functional Yeast Extract Safely and Legally?

Functional yeast extract can be safely and legally purchased from reputable food suppliers, supplement stores, and online marketplaces. When buying for dietary supplementation, look for products that are certified by third-party testing organizations to ensure quality and purity. For culinary use, many supermarkets carry yeast extract spreads or powders. Always check the ingredient list and nutritional information to ensure the product meets your specific needs and dietary requirements.

How Much Does Functional Yeast Extract Cost?

The cost of functional yeast extract can vary depending on the form, brand, and quantity purchased. Food-grade yeast extract spreads are generally affordable, with prices comparable to other condiments. Supplement-grade yeast extracts or specialized functional formulations may be more expensive. Prices can range from a few dollars for a small jar of yeast extract spread to higher amounts for bulk quantities or specialized supplements. Consider the intended use and frequency of consumption when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of functional yeast extract products.

Understanding Functional Yeast Extract's Side Effects and Safety Profile

Functional yeast extract is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by food safety authorities when used as a food ingredient. However, as with any food product, some individuals may experience adverse reactions. The high glutamate content in yeast extract may trigger symptoms in people sensitive to MSG. Some individuals with yeast allergies or sensitivities may also react negatively to yeast extract products.

What Are the Known Short-Term and Long-Term Side Effects?

Short-term side effects of consuming functional yeast extract are rare but may include headaches, nausea, or digestive discomfort in sensitive individuals. These effects are typically mild and resolve quickly. Long-term side effects of regular yeast extract consumption are not well-documented, but excessive intake of fortified yeast products could potentially lead to an imbalance in B-vitamin levels. As with any dietary change, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating significant amounts of functional yeast extract into your diet.

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What Are the Major Drug Interactions with Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract is not known to have significant drug interactions when consumed in normal dietary amounts. However, the high content of certain B-vitamins in some yeast extract products could potentially interact with medications that affect B-vitamin metabolism. For instance, individuals taking certain antibiotics or anti-seizure medications should consult their healthcare provider before using yeast extract supplements. Additionally, the natural content of tyramine in yeast extract may interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), a class of antidepressants.

Administration and Dosage Guidelines for Functional Yeast Extract

The dosage of functional yeast extract varies depending on its intended use. For culinary purposes, it's typically used in small amounts as a flavoring agent. When used as a dietary supplement, the dosage may vary based on the specific product and its concentration of active compounds. It's important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations or consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

What Are the Different Forms and Methods of Taking Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract is available in several forms, each with its own method of administration. Common forms include powder, paste, liquid, and tablets. Powdered yeast extract can be added to foods or beverages, while paste forms are often spread on bread or used in cooking. Liquid extracts can be added to drinks or used in recipes. Tablet forms are typically taken orally with water. The choice of form depends on personal preference and the intended use of the product.

How Much Functional Yeast Extract Is Recommended for Desired Effects?

There is no standardized recommended dosage for functional yeast extract as a nootropic or health supplement. For culinary use, small amounts (typically 1-2 grams per serving) are sufficient to enhance flavor. When used as a nutritional supplement, dosages may range from 1-5 grams per day, depending on the product's concentration and the individual's nutritional needs. It's crucial to start with smaller amounts and gradually increase if needed, while monitoring for any adverse effects. Always consult the product label and a healthcare professional for specific dosage recommendations.

Pharmacokinetics of Functional Yeast Extract

The pharmacokinetics of functional yeast extract are not well-studied in the context of nootropic effects. However, as a food-derived product, its components are generally absorbed through normal digestive processes. The amino acids, peptides, and other nutrients in yeast extract are typically broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. The B-vitamins present in yeast extract are water-soluble and are absorbed relatively quickly into the bloodstream.

How Is Functional Yeast Extract Absorbed, Metabolized, and Excreted in the Body?

Functional yeast extract is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with different components following various metabolic pathways. Amino acids and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine and enter the bloodstream, where they can be used for protein synthesis or energy production. B-vitamins are absorbed through specific transport mechanisms in the intestines and distributed throughout the body. Excess water-soluble vitamins are typically excreted in urine. The nucleotides in yeast extract may be absorbed intact or broken down into nucleosides and bases before absorption. Unabsorbed components are excreted in feces.

Tolerance and Dependency Issues with Functional Yeast Extract

Functional yeast extract is not known to cause tolerance or dependency issues when used as a food ingredient or supplement. Unlike some nootropics or stimulants, yeast extract does not directly affect neurotransmitter levels in ways that could lead to tolerance. However, regular consumption may lead to habituation to its flavor, potentially influencing dietary preferences.

Can Users Develop Tolerance to Functional Yeast Extract?

Users are unlikely to develop physiological tolerance to functional yeast extract in terms of its nutritional or potential cognitive benefits. The body's response to the nutrients in yeast extract typically remains consistent with regular use. However, some individuals may become accustomed to the strong umami flavor of yeast extract, potentially leading to a preference for more intensely flavored foods. This is not a true tolerance but rather a shift in taste perception and preference.

Interactions and Synergies: Functional Yeast Extract Combinations

Functional yeast extract can potentially interact with other foods, supplements, or medications due to its nutrient content. Its rich umami flavor can enhance the taste of various foods, potentially leading to increased consumption of nutrient-dense meals. The B-vitamins in yeast extract may complement other nutritional supplements, contributing to overall health and potentially supporting cognitive function.

What Substances Interact with Functional Yeast Extract?

Functional yeast extract may interact with substances that are affected by B-vitamin metabolism. For instance, the folate in yeast extract could interact with medications that affect folate levels, such as methotrexate. The natural glutamate content in yeast extract might have additive effects with other glutamate-rich foods or MSG-containing products. Individuals on low-sodium diets should be aware that some yeast extract products can be high in sodium. As always, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider about potential interactions with medications or other supplements.

What Are the Most Effective Functional Yeast Extract Stacks?

While functional yeast extract is not typically used in nootropic stacks, its nutritional profile can complement other supplements. Combining yeast extract with omega-3 fatty acids may support overall brain health. Pairing it with probiotics could potentially enhance gut health, which may indirectly affect cognitive function through the gut-brain axis. For culinary purposes, yeast extract can be combined with herbs and spices to create flavorful, nutrient-rich seasoning blends. However, it's important to note that these combinations are based on general nutritional principles rather than specific nootropic research.

Exploring Alternatives to Functional Yeast Extract

While functional yeast extract offers unique nutritional benefits, there are several alternatives that may provide similar or complementary effects. These alternatives can be considered based on specific nutritional needs, dietary preferences, or desired health outcomes. It's important to evaluate these options in the context of individual health goals and consult with a healthcare professional when making significant dietary changes.

What Are Viable Alternatives to Functional Yeast Extract?

Several alternatives can provide similar nutritional benefits or flavor profiles to functional yeast extract. Nutritional yeast, a deactivated yeast product, is rich in B-vitamins and protein, making it a popular vegan supplement. For umami flavor, alternatives include mushroom extracts, seaweed (like nori or kombu), and fermented soy products like miso. B-complex vitamin supplements can provide similar micronutrient benefits. For those seeking cognitive enhancement, traditional nootropics like racetams or natural supplements like Bacopa monnieri or Ginkgo biloba may be considered, though their effects and mechanisms differ from yeast extract.

Insights from Scientific Research on Functional Yeast Extract

Scientific research on functional yeast extract has primarily focused on its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. While not extensively studied as a nootropic, some research has explored its effects on various aspects of health that may indirectly influence cognitive function. The complex nature of yeast extract, with its diverse array of nutrients, makes it an interesting subject for ongoing research in nutrition and functional foods.

What Have Animal and Human Studies Revealed About Functional Yeast Extract?

Animal studies have shown that yeast extract may have beneficial effects on gut health and immune function. A study on mice demonstrated that yeast extract supplementation could modulate the gut microbiome and potentially enhance immune responses.^[3] In human studies, research has explored the potential of yeast extract to support various aspects of health. One study found that a yeast extract product improved cognitive function in healthy young adults, particularly in areas of working memory and processing speed.^[4] However, it's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential cognitive benefits of functional yeast extract.

Evaluating the Value of Functional Yeast Extract for Cognitive Enhancement

When considering functional yeast extract for cognitive enhancement, it's essential to weigh its potential benefits against other factors such as cost, individual response, and the availability of more established nootropics. While yeast extract offers a rich nutritional profile that may support overall health, its direct cognitive-enhancing effects are not as well-documented as those of traditional nootropics.

Is Investing in Functional Yeast Extract a Good Decision for Cognitive Enhancement?

Investing in functional yeast extract for cognitive enhancement should be approached with realistic expectations. Its primary value lies in its nutritional content, particularly its B-vitamins and amino acids, which play crucial roles in brain health and function. For individuals looking to support their overall nutritional status and potentially benefit cognitive health indirectly, functional yeast extract may be a worthwhile addition to their diet. However, those seeking more direct or potent cognitive enhancement may find traditional nootropics or other brain-health supplements more suitable. The decision to invest in functional yeast extract should be based on individual health goals, dietary needs, and preferences, ideally in consultation with a healthcare professional.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Functional Yeast Extract

How Long Does It Take for Functional Yeast Extract to Kick In?

Functional yeast extract does not typically produce immediate, noticeable effects like some nootropics. Its benefits are generally experienced over time as part of a balanced diet. The absorption of nutrients from yeast extract occurs during digestion, with B-vitamins being absorbed relatively quickly. However, any potential cognitive benefits may take weeks or even months of consistent use to become apparent, if at all. It's important to maintain realistic expectations and view functional yeast extract as a nutritional supplement rather than a fast-acting cognitive enhancer.

How Long Does the Effect of Functional Yeast Extract Last?

The duration of effects from functional yeast extract is not easily quantifiable, as it acts more as a nutritional supplement than a specific cognitive enhancer. The water-soluble B-vitamins in yeast extract are typically cleared from the body within hours to days, depending on the vitamin. However, the overall nutritional benefits of regular consumption may have longer-lasting effects on general health and potentially on cognitive function. Consistent intake as part of a balanced diet is likely necessary to maintain any potential benefits.

What Does Functional Yeast Extract Taste Like?

Functional yeast extract has a strong, savory flavor often described as umami or meaty. Its taste is similar to beef bouillon or soy sauce, with a rich, salty quality. Some people find the flavor intense and may use it sparingly as a seasoning. The taste can vary slightly depending on the specific product and production method, but generally, yeast extract is known for its ability to enhance the savory aspects of dishes.

Is Functional Yeast Extract Legal?

Yes, functional yeast extract is legal and widely used as a food ingredient and nutritional supplement in many countries. It is recognized as safe by food regulatory agencies such as the FDA in the United States and the EFSA in Europe. Yeast extract is commonly found in a variety of food products and is available for purchase as a stand-alone ingredient or supplement. However, regulations regarding its labeling and use may vary by country, particularly in terms of how it's declared on ingredient lists.

Is Functional Yeast Extract FDA-Approved?

Functional yeast extract is not FDA-approved in the same way that medications are, as it is considered a food ingredient rather than a drug. However, it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA for use in food products. This GRAS status means that yeast extract is considered safe by qualified experts under the conditions of its intended use in food. It's important to note that dietary supplements containing yeast extract are regulated differently from food ingredients and are subject to dietary supplement regulations, which require manufacturers to ensure their products are safe and properly labeled.

Conclusion

Functional yeast extract, while not a traditional nootropic, offers a unique blend of nutrients that may support overall health and potentially influence cognitive function indirectly. Its rich content of B-vitamins, amino acids, and other bioactive compounds makes it an interesting subject for ongoing research in nutrition and functional foods. While some studies suggest potential cognitive benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects on brain health and cognitive performance. As a food ingredient and nutritional supplement, functional yeast extract is generally safe and can be a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

However, those seeking specific cognitive enhancement may find more targeted nootropics or brain-health supplements more suitable for their needs. As with any dietary change or supplement regimen, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional to determine if functional yeast extract is appropriate for individual health goals and needs.

References

1. Takizawa, Shiro et al. "A 'PAKU-PAKU KOUBO-KUN' containing yeast extract improves cognitive function in healthy young adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." Journal of functional foods vol. 68 (2020): 103923. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103923
2. Heuer, Thorsten et al. "Clinical evaluation of a novel gallotannin-enriched functional yeast extract in healthy subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." European Journal of Nutrition vol. 61,4 (2022): 1881-1893. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02772-0
3. Possemiers, Sam et al. "A dried yeast fermentate selectively modulates both the luminal and mucosal gut microbiota and protects against inflammation, as studied in an integrated in vitro approach." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry vol. 61,39 (2013): 9380-92. doi:10.1021/jf402137s
4. Takizawa, Shiro et al. "A 'PAKU-PAKU KOUBO-KUN' containing yeast extract improves cognitive function in healthy young adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." Journal of functional foods vol. 68 (2020): 103923. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103923

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